Operation Hardtack I 1958

⚔ ☢ Serie på 35 amerikanske  atomvåbenforsøg ved Bikini i Stillehavet i den første del af den kolde krig i Pacific Proving Ground i tids-rummet 28. april til 18. august 1958. Oplysninger om operationen er stadig skjulte som klassificeret eller maskeret information.
Atomvåbenforsøgene kom efter Operation Project 58A og før Operation Argus.
Arkiv: National Archives: Records of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, (Record Group 374), 1943-73.
Atomvåbenforsøgene omfattede / The nuclear weapons tests included
  1. Yucca 28. april Stillehavet (mellem Enewetak og Bikini 1.7 kilotons (kt)
  2. Cactus 5. maj Enewetak ; Runit Island, 18 kt
  3. Fir 11. maj Bikini, 1.36 megatons
  4. Butternut 11. maj Enewetak, 81 kt
  5. Koa 12. maj Enewetak, l.37 Mt
  6. Wahoo 16. maj Enewetak, 9 kt
  7. Holly 20. maj Enewetak, 5.9 kt
  8. Nutmeg 21. maj Bikini, 25.1 kt
  9. Yellowwood 26. maj Enewetak, 330 kt
  10. Magnolia 26. maj Enewetak, 57 kt
  11. Tobacco 30. maj Enewetak, 11.6 kt
  12. Sycamore 31. maj Bikini, 92 kt
  13. Rose 2. juni Enewetak, 15 kt
  14. Umbrella 8. juni Enewetak 8 kt
  15. Maple 10. juni Bikini, 213 kt
  16. Aspen 14. juni Bikini, 319 kt
  17. Walnut 14. juni Enewetak, 1.45 Mt
  18. Linden 18. juni Enewetak, 11 kt
  19. Redwood 27. juni Bikini, 412 kt
  20. Elder 27. juni 1958 Enewetak, 880 kt
  21. Oak 28. juni Enewetak, 8.9 Mt
  22. Hickory 30. juni Bikini, 14 kt
  23. Sequoia 1. juli Enewetak, 5.2 kt
  24. Cedar 2. juli Bikini, 220 kt
  25. Dogwood 5. juli Enewetak, 397 kt
  26. Poplar 12. juli Bikini, 9.3 Mt
  27. Scaevola 14. juli Enewetak
  28. Pisonia 17. juli Enewetak, 255 kt
  29. Juniper 22. juli Bikini, 65 kt
  30. Olive 22. juli Enewetak, 202 kt
  31. Pine 26. juli Enewetak, 2 Mt
  32. Teak 1. august Johnston Island 3,8 Mt
  33. Quince 6. august Enewetak
  34. Orange 12. august Johnston Island 3.8 Mt
  35. Fig 18 august Enewetak, 20 tons - sidste test ved Enewetak
Se tillige: Operation Anvil ; Aqueduct ; Arbor ; Argus ; Bedrock ; Bowline ; Buster-Jangle ; Castle ; Chariot ; Charioteer ; Cornerstone ; Cresset ; Crossroads ; Crosstie ; Cue ; Dominic ; Dominic II ; Dugout ; Emery ; Fishbowl ; Flintlock ; Fulcrum ; Fusileer ; Greenhouse ; Grenadier ; Grommet ; Guardian ; Hardtack II ; Ivy ; Julin ; Latchkey ; Little Feller ; Mandrel ; Musketeer ; Newsreel ; Niblick ; Nougat ; Phalanx ; Plowshare ; Plumbbob ; Praetorian ; Project 56 ; Project 57 ; Project 58 ; Project 58A ; Quicksilver ; Ranger ; Redwing ; Roller Coaster ; Sandstone ; Sculpin ; Storax ; Sunbeam ; Teapot ; Tinderbox ; Toggle ; Touchstone ; Trinity ; Tumbler-Snapper ; Upshot-Knothole ; Whetstone ; Wigwam.
Miljøforurening
/ Contamination, environmental pollution
Se også: Barium ; beryllium ; cerium ; cæsium ; jod ; krypton ; lanthanum ; molybdæn ; neptunium ; niobium ; plutonium ; polonium ; radioaktivitet ; ruthenium ; strontium-90 ; tellur ; tritium ; uran ; xenon ; zirkonium.

Litteratur

Lookout Mountain Laboratory USAF: OperationHARDTACK Basic Effects Structures and Materiel (1958).
http://www.archive.org/details/OperationHARDTACK_BasicEffectsStructuresandMateriel1958
Lookout Mountain Laboratory USAF: Operation HARDTACK High Altitude Tests (1958).
http://www.archive.org/details/OperationHARDTACK_HighAltitudeTests1958
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: SEC Petition Evaluation Report Petition SEC-00020: Operation HARDTACK I, 2005. - 38 pp. - http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/ppg/ppgevalr.pdf
“Sources of error and uncertainty in methods of estimating radionuclide concentrations in deposited fallout based on measured external photon exposures have not been evaluated, and reliability of methods is unknown. The assumption of no fractionation (except for removal of noble gases) should result in substantial underestimates of concentrations of refractory radionuclides (such as plutonium).”
Defense Threat Reduction Agency: DTRA comments on the SEC Petition 00020 Evaluation Report, 2005. - 24 pp.
- http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/pdfs/sec/ppg/dtra.pdf
U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey: Pacific Enevetak Atoll Crater Exploration (PEACE) Program Enewetak Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Part 4: Analysis of borehole gravity surveys and other geologic and bathymetric studies in vicinity of OAK and KOA craters / edited by Thomas W. Henry and Bruce R. Wardlaw. U.S. Geological Survey. Open File Report 87-665. Prepared in cooperation with the Defense Nuclear Agency, 1987. - 381 s.
United States Department of Defense: Operation HARDTACK Military Effects Studies: Underwater Tests (1958).
http://www.archive.org/details/OperationHARDTACK_UnderwaterTests1958
United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through September 1992.
U.S. Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office, DOE/NV--209-REV 15, December 2000.
A Visual Description of the Concrete Exterior of the Cactus Crater Containment Structure. / : Terry Hamilton.Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2013.
During the Radiological Cleanup of Enewetak Atoll (1972-1980), radioactively contaminated soil was removed by excision and buried inside the Cactus nuclear test crater on Runit Island.

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