Litteratur |
Lindberg, Kristian: Bitre rivaler i
våbenkapløbets kulisser. I: Berlingske
Tidende, 04/18/2005.
CRS: Manufacturing Nuclear Weapon “Pits”: A
Decisionmaking Approach for Congress. / : Jonathan E. Medalia,
2014.
- http://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R43685.pdf
'A pit is a nuclear weapon component, a hollow plutonium shell that
is imploded with conventional explosives to create a nuclear
explosion that triggers the rest of the weapon.
During the Cold War, the Rocky Flats Plant (CO) manufactured as
many as 2,000 pits per year. On June 6, 1989, armed agents from the
Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Environmental Protection
Agency raided Rocky Flats to investigate suspected environmental
crimes.1 As a result, DOE first suspended pit production at Rocky
Flats later that year, subsequently halted it permanently, and
eventually dismantled the plant and remediated the site.'
New Memoir by Participant in U.S. H-Bomb Program Sheds Light on
the Making of the First Test Device
First-Hand Perspectives on Edward Teller and Other Leading Figures,
and on Dispute over Who Originated Key Idea of Radiation
Implosion
Book by Kenneth W. Ford Being Published Over Objections of
Department of Energy
First Full Account of Project Matterhorn, Pioneering Effort in Use
of Computer Technologies for Nuclear Weapons Development
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 507
Posted - March 24, 2015
Washington, DC, Posted March 24, 2015 -- A new scientific memoir by
one of the few surviving participants in the U.S. H-bomb project
provides fresh information and insights into the production of the
world's first thermonuclear device. In an exclusive essay and
selection of declassified documents provided to the National
Security Archive and posted today on the Archive's website
(www.nsarchive.org), the author, Dr. Kenneth W. Ford, brings to
light intriguing pieces of the H-bomb's early history, including
personal aspects such as the brittle relationship between
physicists Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam and their feud over who
came up with one of the central theories leading to the H-bomb's
development.
Building the H Bomb, A Personal History (Singapore: World
Scientific, 2015) describes a central element of the process -- the
Princeton University-based "Project Matterhorn" -- where Ford and
his colleagues used the latest computer technology to calculate the
mid and late stages of a thermonuclear explosion, especially the
burning of the nuclear fuel. The Matterhorn calculations were
essential to the IVY MIKE thermonuclear test that caused the island
of Elugelab -- part of Enewetak atoll in the Marshall Islands -- to
disappear on 1 November 1952.
Shot in the Dark : The
largest nuclear bomb in U.S. history still shakes Rongelap Atoll
and its displaced people 50 years later. Beverly Deepe Keever Feb
5,2004.
The Radioactive Signature of the Hydrogen Bomb / : Lars-Erik De
Geer.
Science & Global Security, 1991, Volume 2, pp.351-363.
'It has long been supposed that the Teller-illam invention of
February 1951, that made the construction of a full-scale fusion
device feasible could be deduced from a careful analysis of the
debris that scatters worldwide after an atmospheric test. This was
part of the theme of an article in the January/February 1990 issue
of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists written by Daniel Hirsch and
William G. Mathews. Their conclusion, arrived at to a large degree
through interviews with Hans Bethe, was that the H-bomb secret was
given to the Soviets, not through the spy Klaus Fuchs, but rather
by carrying out Mike, the first test of a fusion device based on
the Teller-illam ideas. The Bulletin article and an extended
version of that paper issued by the Los Angeles based Committee to
Bridge the Gap argue that the observation of the very high neutron
fluencies in the explosion, which can be derived from the fallout
composition, would lead a competent scientist to the trick.'
U.S. Cold War Nuclear Target Lists Declassified for First
Time
According to 1956 Plan, H-Bombs were to be Used Against Priority
"Air Power" Targets in the Soviet Union, China, and Eastern
Europe
Major Cities in Soviet Bloc, Including East Berlin, Were High
Priorities in "Systematic Destruction" for Atomic Bombings
Plans to Target People ("Population") Violated International Legal
Norms
SAC Wanted a 60 Megaton Bomb, Equivalent to over 4,000 Hiroshima
Atomic Weapons
National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 538. / :
Edited by William Burr
Washington, D.C., December 22, 2015 - The SAC [Strategic Air
Command] Atomic Weapons Requirements Study for 1959, produced in
June 1956 and published today for the first time by the National
Security Archive www.nsarchive.org, provides the most comprehensive
and detailed list of nuclear targets and target systems that has
ever been declassified. As far as can be told, no comparable
document has ever been declassified for any period of Cold War
history.
The SAC study includes chilling details. According to its authors,
their target priorities and nuclear bombing tactics would expose
nearby civilians and "friendly forces and people" to high levels of
deadly radioactive fallout. Moreover, the authors developed a plan
for the "systematic destruction" of Soviet bloc urban-industrial
targets that specifically and explicitly targeted "population" in
all cities, including Beijing, Moscow, Leningrad, East Berlin, and
Warsaw. Purposefully targeting civilian populations as such
directly conflicted with the international norms of the day, which
prohibited attacks on people per se (as opposed to military
installations with civilians nearby).
The National Security Archive, based at The George Washington
University, obtained the study, totaling more than 800 pages,
through the Mandatory Declassification Review (MDR) proces.
The SAC document includes lists of more than 1100 airfields in the
Soviet bloc, with a priority number assigned to each base. With the
Soviet bomber force as the highest priority for nuclear targeting
(this was before the age of ICBMs), SAC assigned priority one and
two to Bykhov and Orsha airfields, both located in Belorussia. At
both bases, the Soviet Air Force deployed medium-range Badger
(TU-16) bombers, which would have posed a threat to NATO allies and
U.S. forces in Western Europe.
A second list was of urban-industrial areas identified for
"systematic destruction." SAC listed over 1200 cities in the Soviet
bloc, from East Germany to China, also with priorities established.
Moscow and Leningrad were priority one and two respectively. Moscow
included 179 Designated Ground Zeros (DGZs) while Leningrad had
145, including "population" targets. In both cities, SAC identified
air power installations, such as Soviet Air Force command centers,
which it would have devastated with thermonuclear weapons early in
the war.
Check out today's posting at the National Security Archive
-
http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb538-Cold-War-Nuclear-Target-List-Declassified-First-Ever/
USA efterlod brintbombe i Grønland. / Jakob Hvide
Beim ; Sanne Fahnøe. I: Politiken, 11/12/2007.