Fredsakademiet: Freds- og sikkerhedspolitisk Leksikon B 429 : beryllium

beryllium

☢ Græsk:
Beryllium er et radioaktivt, grundstof, et metal nr. 4. i det periodiske system.
Berylliumforbindelser produceres i Brasilien, Japan, Rusland og USA og anvendes hovedsageligt militært til fremstilling af fly skive-bremsere, komponenter til atomreaktorer og kerne-våben, navigationssystemer, raketbrændstof og spejle. Tynde plader af beryllium anvendes i atomvåben design som det yderste lag af plutoniumdelen i termonukleare bombers kerne, placeret til at omgive de fissile materialer. Disse lag af beryllium og polonium er "pushere" for implosionen af plutonium-239, og de er også neutron-reflektorer, ligesom de anvendes i beryllium-modererede nukleare reaktorer. Berylliumoxid bruges til at fremstille produkter såsom keramik, gyroskoper, militære køretøjer, rustninger, og elektriske isolatorer. Legeringer, der indeholder beryllium anvendes i produktion af præcisionsinstrumenter, flymotorer og elektriske forbindelser.

Se også: Berylliosis eller chronic beryllium disease ; guld.

Kendte historiske og aktuelle beryllium virksomheder og atomvåbenfabrikker i USA. Databasen er bl.a. udarbejder ved hjælp af the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program, hvorfra størstedelen af beskrivelserne af virksomhederne stammer. Data kan være mangelfulde på grund af klassificering eller maskering af information.

AL Southern Research Institute Sylacauga Atomic Weapons Employer, AWE - AWE 1955-1958; 1962; 1976 - The Southern Research Institute was involved in several AEC projects. During the period from November 10, 1955 through June 1, 1958, it was licensed to receive source material from National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald) for research on the properties of uranium-liquid metal fuel elements. The Institute performed hot tensile tests on uranium metal and was authorized to receive 300 pounds of normal uranium from NLO. Records also indicate that it handled test quantities of radioactive metals for NLO in 1976.
AL Speedring Experimental & Tool Company Culman BE - 1971-2011 - Speedring has performed work using beryllium for Rocky Flats, Sandia National Laboratory, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. There was another Speedring facility in Detroit, MI.
AL Tennessee Valley Authority or Uranium Recovery Pilot Plant and Laboratory Muscle Shoals AWE - 1951-1955 - At its National Fertilizer Development Center, the TVA performed research and development on uranium recovery under formal agreement with the AEC. The work involved the extraction of uranium during the production of fertilizer from leached zone phosphate ore.
AZ Ore Buying Station at Globe, AZ Globe DOE - 1955-1957 - The ore buying station at Globe purchased uranium ore for the AEC. American Smelting and Refining Company (ASRC) managed and operated the Globe station on behalf of the AEC from July 1955 to January 1956. Lucius Pitkin replaced ASRC as the management and operating contractor for the site in February 1956. Contractors: American Smelting and Refining Company (1955-1956); and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-1957).
CA Arthur D. Little Co. San Francisco AWE - 1948-1956 - Under contract to the Atomic Energy Commission from 1948-1956, initially as the Merrill Company, A.D. Little researched the separation and recovery of uranium from various ores. Specific work included the recovery of uranium and vanadium from alkaline carbonate leach solutions from domestic ores.
CA Atomics International Canoga Park BE - 1955-1966 - The Atomics International Division of North American Aviation is a statutory beryllium vendor under the EEOICPA. Atomics International worked with beryllium and radioactive materials under contract with the Atomic Energy Commission at numerous locations. These locations include, but are not necessarily limited to, Area IV of the Santa Susana Field Laboratory, portions of the Downey facility, the Vanowen Building at the Canoga facility and the De Soto facility.
CA Burris Park Field Station Kingsburg AWE
CA California Research Corp. Richmond - 1948-1949 - Using small amounts of plutonium and uranium, the California Research Corporation performed experiments to investigate the use of continuous chelation as a means of separating plutonium and zirconium from uranium. The California Research Corporation performed the work as a subcontractor to the Kellex Corporation which was under contract to the AEC to investigate waste recovery methods.
CA Canoga Avenue Facility Los Angeles County DOE - 1955-1960 - Under an operating contract with the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), North American Aviation performed research and development into the peaceful uses of nuclear energy at the Canoga Avenue Facility in Canoga Park, CA. This work was previously performed at North American Aviation's Downey Facility, but was moved to Canoga Avenue at the very end of 1955. Principal work performed included design, development and radiochemistry.
CA Ceradyne, Inc. Costa Mesa BE - 1987; 1990-1996 - Ceradyne sold beryllium-graphite composite materials to the Y-12 plant in Oak Ridge in 1987 and between 1990 and 1996.
CA Ceradyne, Inc. Santa Ana BE- 1977-1988 - Ceradyne provided beryllium parts to the Y-12 plant.
CA City Tool & Die Manufacturing Santa Clara BE - 1985-2001 - Description: City Tool is a precision machine shop that provided services to Sandia National Laboratory, California. The work involved machining beryllium-copper materials.
CA De Soto Avenue Facility Los Angeles County DOE - 1959-1995 - In 1959, the Atomics International Division of North American Aviation moved to its new facility on De Soto Avenue. AEC/DOE work conducted at this location included engineering design, construction, and nuclear fuel fabrication. The facility also had a radiochemistry laboratory and a gamma irradiation facility. The fuel fabrication facility was used to produce a variety of different fuel elements for test reactors. AEC-sponsored work involving the manufacture of beryllium-containing parts also took place at this site. Fuel fabrication was terminated in 1984, however small scale laboratory research work on gamma irradiation and analysis of radioactive samples continued until 1995. A DOE-owned mass spectrometer at this location was removed from the premises and sent to the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in 1995. Contractors: The Boeing Company (1996-1998); Rockwell International (1973-1996); North American Rockwell (1967-1973): North American Aviation (1959-1967).
CA Dow Chemical Co. Walnut Creek AWE - 1947-1957 - The Dow operation involved process studies and experimental investigations on different uranium ores and thorium-bearing ores, including pilot-scale solvent extraction of uranium from phosphoric acid.
CA Downey Facility Los Angeles County DOE - 1948-1955 - Under an operating contract with the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), North American Aviation operated a 2 MeV Van De Graaff accelerator at Downey. In addition, the AEC funded a four-watt Water Boiler Neutron Source Reactor at the Downey facility. Start up for the reactor was in April of 1952. This small research reactor was moved to Area IV of the Santa Susana Field Laboratory in 1955. Personnel and operations from Downey moved to the new Canoga Avenue facility in late 1955.
CA EDM Exotics Hayward BE - 1990-1997 - EDM Exotics provided machine shop services to Sandia National Laboratory, California, working with beryllium-copper materials
CA Electro Circuits, Inc. Pasadena AWE - 1952-1953 - Electro Circuits used uranium metal to conduct tests aimed at determining the usefulness of ultrasonics in the detection of pipe in ingots.
CA Electrofusion Corporation Fremont BE - 1986-2002 - Electrofusion Corporation provided beryllium products to Sandia National Laboratory, California. Electrofusion was acquired by Brush Wellman in 1990 and is currently part of the Brush Wellman Engineered Products Division.
CA Energy Technology Engineering Center Santa Susana DOE- 1955-1988 - The Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL) is located in eastern Ventura County, California, and borders Los Angeles County. The SSFL is divided into four administrative and operational portions based on ownership and operations. Area IV was devoted to nuclear operations. It is Area IV that is covered under EEOICPA as a DOE facility. Coverage includes, but is not necessarily limited to the following operations: The Energy Technology Engineering Center (ETEC), the Nuclear Development Field Laboratory (NDFL), and the Liquid Metal Engineering Center (LMEC). This also includes the Sodium Reactor Experiment Facility, the Kinetics Experiment Water Boiler Facility, the Water Boiler Neutron source (which is also known as the AE-6/L-85 Facility), the Organic Moderated Reactor, as well as facilities in Area IV associated with the Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power (SNAP) Program; the Sodium Graphite Reactor Critical Facility, the Shield Test Experiment/Shield Test Irradiation Reactor Facility, the Advanced Epithermal Thorium Test Facility, the Hot Lab Facility, the Fuel Storage Facility, the Radioactive Measurement Facility, the Radioactive Material Handling Facility, the Van De Graaff Accelerator Facility and the Radiation Instrument Calibration Laboratory. Contractors: The Boeing Company (1996-present); Rockwell International (1973-1996); North American Rockwell (1968-1973); North American Aviation (1955-1967).
CA General Atomics La Jolla AWE/BE/DOE - BE 1959-1967; AWE 1960-1969 - General Atomics was one of a number of private contractors that processed unirradiated scrap for the Atomic Energy Commission in the 1960s. In addition, the Hot Cell Facility was used for numerous post-irradiation examinations of Department fuels, structural materials, reactor dosimetry materials, and instrumentation. The Department-sponsored activities at the General Atomics Hot Cell Facility primarily supported the High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor and the Reduced Enrichment Research Test Reactor programs. In December 1994, General Atomics notified the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the State of California Department of Health Services of its intent to cease operations in the Hot Cell Facility. General Atomics was also the operating contractor for the AEC's Experimental Beryllium Oxide Reactor (EBOR). General Atomics manufactured EBOR fuel elements (UO2-BeO) on site and examined them in the site's hot cell.
CA General Electric Vallecitos Pleasanton AWE - 1958-1978; 1981-1982 - In 1958, General Electric constructed four hot cells for postirradiation examination of uranium fuel and irradiated reactor components. The U.S. Government's involvement (through the Atomic Energy Commission and later, the Department of Energy) was limited to a single hot cell, Hot Cell No. 4. Between 1965 and 1967, Hot Cell No. 4 was decontaminated, equipped with a stainless steel liner to contain plutonium, and dedicated to the study of mixed oxide fuel rods in support of the Atomic Energy Commission's fast breeder reactor development programs. In 1978, Hot Cell No. 4 was placed on standby; it was used by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory for six months in 1981 and 1982.
CA Hafer Tool Oakland BE - 1965-1985 - Hafer Tool is a machine shop that provided services to Sandia National Laboratory, California. Some of this work involved the use of beryllium materials.
CA C.L. Hann Industries San Jose BE - 1985-1994; 2000 - C.L. Hann Industries provided machine shop services to Sandia National Laboratory, California.
CA Hexcel Products, Inc. Berkeley AEC -1964-1965 - Hexcel produced a small number of corrugated beryllium sheet panels for the AEC in the mid-1960s. The finishing process involved vapor blasting and scrubbing of the beryllium panels with steel wool and cleansing powder
CA High Energy Rate Forging (HERF) Facility Oxnard DOE - 1984-1997 - The Department of Energy purchased this facility in 1984 for the purpose of producing forgings for weapons parts. It consists of 13.75 acres and 7 buildings. The DOE Rocky Flats Plant managed the forging process and produced forgings at this location through 1995. In 1994, DOE decided to close the facility upon completion of its defense-related mission in 1996.
CA Hunter Douglas Aluminum Corp. Riverside AWE - 1959-1963 - In 1959, Hunter Douglas Aluminum extruded approximately 1600 pounds of solid uranium stock for National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald). In a subsequent subcontract, the company fabricated uranium-zirconium billets for the GE Evendale Plant.
CA Jerry Carroll Machining, Inc. San Carlos BE - 1985-1991 - Jerry Carroll Machining provided machine shop services to Sandia National Laboratory, California, including the machining of beryllium-copper materials.
CA Laboratory for Energy-Related Health Research Davis DOE - 1958-1989; 1991-. For over 30 years, LEHR was the site of studies on the long-term health effects of low-level radiation on laboratory animals. Through the support of DOE's predecessor, the AEC, LEHR (also known in the earlier years as the Radiobiology Laboratory) began in 1951 as a research project investigating the biological effects of X-rays. A few years later, the Atomic Energy Commission contracted with LEHR for what became a 33-year study that investigated the health effects of internal exposure to low levels of strontium 90 and radium 226. In a separate but related project, research animals were exposed to cobalt 60 radiation. Research involving the use of small amounts of plutonium 241, thorium 228, and other radioisotopes was also performed. Research at LEHR has focused on: understanding better the effects of exposure to low-level radiation on the skeleton and its blood-forming constituents; investigating the behavior of certain bone-seeking radioactive materials; studying the beagle as an experimental animal model; exploring how low-level radiation triggers and affects the formation of tumors and development of leukemia; and, developing effective ways to use results gathered from animal studies to assess risks to humans. LEHR closed in 1989 and has been in remediation mode since 1991
CA Laboratory of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Los Angeles DOE - 1947-. - The Laboratory of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences (LBES) was established in 1947 on the campus of the University of California, Los Angeles, to provide biomedical and environmental support to nuclear testing activities. Today's programs are in three areas: nuclear medicine, where the study of positron emission tomography (PET) is applied to medical problems; biomolecular and cellular sciences, which involves factors influencing gene expression, particularly with reference to early molecular events in cancer induction; and environmental biology, which focuses on the basic physiology of plants in arid ecosystems.
CA Laboratory of Radiobiology and Environmental Health San Francisco DOE - 1951-1999 - The Laboratory of Radiobiology and Environmental Health (LREH), established by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1951, is an institute for research and training in cell biology. LREH is dedicated to fundamental research and investigation of the ways in which radiation and other energy-related biomedical insults affect cellular processes and lead to detrimental genetic and somatic biomedical effects. Research studies are undertaken to investigate the mechanisms by which perturbation and repair of cellular systems can affect the whole organism, cause cancer in the present generation, and damage future generations. Research focuses specifically on ways in which the organism can cope with such insults. As a research unit in the University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, the laboratory was extensively involved with the academic programs of the university, until its closure in 1999.
CA Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley DOE - 1942-. - The laboratory that eventually became the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was founded in 1931 by Ernest Orlando Lawrence, winner of the 1939 Nobel Prize in physics for his invention of the cyclotron. Once the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) was founded in 1942, the Berkeley Laboratory became part of the MED. As part of the MED, scientists at Berkeley developed the electromagnetic enrichment process that was installed and operated at the Y-12 plant in Oak Ridge from 1943-1947. Scientists at Berkeley also discovered the transuranium elements, which include plutonium, neptunium and americium. Work performed on behalf of LBL which took place in Gilman Hall on the University of California campus is also considered part of LBL.
CA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore DOE - 1950-. - The Atomic Energy Commission established the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory as a facility for nuclear weapons research. The Department of Energy (DOE) owns the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Main Site and Site 300; DOE and the University of California jointly operate the sites. The Main Site was initially used as a flight training base and an engine overhaul facility. Transition from naval operations to scientific research began in 1950, when the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) authorized construction of a materials-testing accelerator site. The AEC established the University of California Radiation Laboratory, Livermore Site (the predecessor of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) as a facility for nuclear weapons research. The Department of Energy purchased Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Site 300 from local ranchers in the 1950s for use as a remote high-explosives testing facility.
CA Lebow Goleta BE - 1977-2002 - The Lebow Company produces ultra-thin metal foils for Sandia National Laboratory, California, some of which contain beryllium.
CA Pleasanton Tool and Manufacturing Pleasanton BE- 1989-2002 - Pleasanton Tool provides machine shop services to Sandia National Laboratory, California.
CA Poltech Precision Fremont BE - 1999 - Poltech Precision did machining work for Sandia National Laboratory, California.
CA Philco-Ford Corporation or Ford Aeronutronic Newport Beach BE - 1967-1972 - The Aeronutronic Division of the Philco-Ford Corporation engaged in research on beryllium manufacturing techniques for the AEC between 1967 and 1972. The overriding goal of the program was to demonstrate the feasibility of shear spinning technology for beryllium production.
CA Robin Materials Mountain View BE - 1985-1997 - Robin Materials provided metal materials to Sandia National Laboratory, California. This material included beryllium-copper.
CA Ron Witherspoon, Inc. Campbell BE - 1990-1995 - Ron Witherspoon, Inc. produced beryllium springs for Sandia National Laboratory, California.
CA Sandia Laboratory, Salton Sea Base Imperial County DOE - 1946-1961 - The Salton Sea Test Base was used for a variety of activities such as military training and weapons research, development, testing, and evaluation. The base was used by numerous tenant and non-tenant military commands as well as by research divisions of government agencies and private companies working on government projects. The site was established in 1942 as an operational base for seaplanes during World War II. Later, the Atomic Energy Commission renovated and expanded the base for aerodynamic testing of weapons-delivery vehicles. From 1946 to 1961, Sandia National Laboratory operated a testing program at the site. The remoteness of the area was ideal for training and other operations. It is unclear from the documentation whether this testing work involved the use of radioactive materials.
CA Sandia National Laboratories--Livermore Livermore DOE - Sandia National Laboratory-Livermore was established in 1956 to conduct research and development in the interest of national security. The principal emphasis was on development and engineering of the parts of nuclear weapons outside the warhead physics package. The site was selected for its proximity to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to facilitate a close working relationship between the two laboratories. Contractors: Lookheed Martin (1995-present); Martin Marietta (1993-1995); AT&T (1951-1993)
CA Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Palo Alto DOE - 1962-. - The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) is owned and operated by Stanford University under contract with the Department of Energy. The Stanford Linear Accelerator Center was established in 1962 as a research facility for high energy particle physics. The Center's four major experimental facilities are the Linear Accelerator, the Positron Electron Project Storage Ring, the Stanford Positron Electron Asymmetric Ring, and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Linear Collider.
CA Stauffer Metals, Inc. Richmond AWE - 1961 - Stauffer performed electron beam melting tests on uranium metal for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald). The company had performed similar tests for Hanford.
CA Tapemation Scotts Valley BE- 1990-1995 - Tapemation is a machine shop that provided services to Sandia National Laboratory, California. Several small jobs involved the precision machining of beryllium-copper materials.
CA University of California Berkeley AWE/DOE
CO Coors Porcelain Golden BE - 1947-1975 - Coors Porcelain performed beryllium work for the Atomic Energy Commission. An early AEC document makes reference to Coors Porcelain’s involvement in beryllium work during the period from 1947-1948. Coors Porcelain had an earlier contract with the Clinton Engineer Works (now Oak Ridge Reservation), but it is unclear whether beryllium was involved. From 1957 through 1964, the company worked as a subcontractor with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on Project Pluto, a project undertaken to determine the feasibility of using heat from reactors as the energy source for ramjet engines. Coors developed fuel elements from beryllium ceramics for the project, which began in 1957 and ended in 1964.
CO Grand Junction Operations Office DOE - 1943 - In 1943 the Manhattan Engineer District purchased the Grand Junction site and constructed a plant to produce uranium concentrate from "green sludge" delivered from plants at Uravan and Durango Colorado. The purpose of this plant was to provide domestic uranium for the Manhattan Project. The Grand Junction Office of the AEC was the headquarters for the uranium procurement program from 1947-1970. One of the principal functions of the GJO was the receipt, sampling, and analysis of uranium and vanadium concentrates from the numerous (32) ore processing operations in the western US. More than 347 million pounds of uranium oxide and 28 million pounds of vanadium oxide were received during the period from 1948-1971. In 1951 the AEC built a concentrate sampling plant and assay laboratory in the Grand Junction compound. This was operated by Ledoux company under a management and operating contract. In addition, the AEC built two ore-testing pilot plants in its compound in Grand Junction. These were, in effect, miniature processing plants in which approximately 30,000 tons of ore from 40 different uranium mines were tested between the years of 1953-1958. Furthermore, the AEC established a sampling and assaying station for the receipt of uranium ores at Grand Junction. Concentrates produced by mills were delivered in steel drums to Grand Junction where they were received, weighed, sampled, and assayed as the basis for payment to the mills under the terms of their respective contracts. On September 30, 2001 the Department of Energy transferred ownership of the Grand Junction property to the Riverview Technology Corporation. The DOE, however, continues to lease portions of the siteContractors: Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-1971) (ore buying station, sampling, and assaying); National Lead Company (1954-1958) (pilot plant); American Cyanamid Company (1953-1954) (pilot plant); American Smelting and Refining Company (1948-1955) (ore buying station, sampling, and assaying); Ledoux and Company (1948) (concentrate sampling); U.S. Vanadium Corporation (1943-1946) (uranium processing mill).
CO Green Sludge Plant in Uravan Uravan DOE - 1943-1945 - The Manhattan Engineer District (MED) obtained uranium from residues left over from the production of vanadium. The resulting product made at these plants was called "green sludge." It was further processed at Grand Junction. Two plants in Uravan, Colorado, provided the MED with uranium extracted from green sludge. The green sludge plant in Uravan owned by Union Carbide and operated by its subsidiary, the U.S. Vanadium Company, is not covered under EEOICPA. This listing applies only to the MED-owned plant, which was located on the north side of the San Miguel River. The U.S. Vanadium Company operated the MED-owned plant under a fixed fee contract during World War II. The plant was shut down in 1945. Contractors: The U.S. Vanadium Company, a subsidiary of the Union Carbide Corporation (1943-1945).
CO Machlett Laboratories Springdale BE - 1952 - Beginning in the 1940s, Machlett Laboratories worked with beryllium in its commercial business as a supplier of x-ray and electron vacuum tubes. Machlett produced a handful of brazed beryllium window assemblies in 1952 under an AEC contract.
CO Rocky Flats Plant Golden DOE - 1951-2006 - Rocky Flats was built in 1951 as a plutonium and uranium component manufacturing center. From 1952 to 1989, the site's primary mission was to fabricate the "pit" that contains the heavy metals and serves as the trigger device for nuclear warheads. Rocky Flats was also responsible for recycling plutonium from scrap and plutonium retrieved from retired nuclear warheads. The final products of this recycling included components and assemblies manufactured from uranium, plutonium, beryllium, stainless steel, and other metals. Production activities included metalworking, component fabrication and assembly, chemical recovery and purification of plutonium, and associated quality control functions. Research and development in the fields of chemistry, physics, metallurgy, materials technology, nuclear safety, and mechanical engineering were also conducted at the site. In 1989, many of the site's nuclear component production functions were suspended after a safety review temporarily shut down plutonium operations. Following an extensive review, which included considerable independent oversight, a few buildings were authorized by the Secretary of Energy to resume limited plutonium operations: to stabilize plutonium oxide and repackage plutonium for safe storage. In 1989, as a result of the environmental contamination caused by production activities at the site, Rocky Flats was placed on the Superfund National Priorities List. In January 1992, nuclear component production was terminated and the site's primary mission changed from nuclear weapons production to environmental cleanup and restoration. Contractors: Kaiser-Hill Company (1995-present); EG&G Rocky Flats, Inc. (1989-1995); Rockwell International (1975-1989); Dow Chemical (1951-1975)
CO Shattuck Chemical Denver AWE - 1950s; 1963 - Shattuck Chemical prepared uranium compounds and uranium oxide in the late 1950s. (This was probably done under a Source Materials License issued by the Atomic Energy Commission.) Shattuck also processed refined uranium and produced natural uranium oxides on a commercial basis for the private market, and in 1963, supplied a small quantity of uranium to the Rocky Flats plant.
CO University of Denver Research Institute Denver AWE/BE - 1963-1965 - The University of Denver Research Institute is listed as a processor of radioactive materials for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald). It appears that the University of Denver handled test quantities of radioactive metal in February 1965. In 1963, a University of Denver Research Institute researcher (F. Perkins) held an AEC contract for work on intermediate-temperature oxidation of beryllides.
CO Uranium Mill in Durango Durango DOE - 1948-1953 - The AEC purchased the 147-acre uranium mill site in Durango, Colorado, in 1948 from the Vanadium Corporation of America. The AEC leased the facility back to Vanadium that same year, with an option to purchase the facility in 1953. Between 1948 and 1953, Vanadium operated the mill on behalf of the AEC. The company exercised its purchase option in 1953, and thereafter, the mill was operated as a privately owned facility. The company shut down and dismantled the mill in March 1963. Contractor: The Vanadium Corporation of America (1948-1953).
CT American Chain and Cable Co. Bridgeport AWE - 1944 - American Chain and Cable worked under contract to the Du Pont Company to support the manufacture of uranium slugs during the Manhattan Project. In 1944, the company swaged (reduced the diameter) of uranium rods at its Bridgeport facility.
CT Anaconda Co. Waterbury AWE - 1942; 1956-1959 - In 1942, the American Brass Company produced the barriers used in the gaseous diffusion process. In the late 1950s, under contract to Nuclear Metals Inc., the company extruded copper-clad uranium billets into tubes at least two separate times for the Savannah River Site. While the original plans called for work on 500 billets, only around 50 were actually processed.
CT Bridgeport Brass Co., Havens Lab. Bridgeport AWE - 1952-1962 - Bridgeport Brass, at the Havens Laboratory in Connecticut and in Adrian, Michigan, worked to improve the process for extruding uranium. Eventually this work was taken over by Reactive Metals, which operated the AEC/DOE extrusion facility in Astabula, Ohio. Bridgeport cut and stored uranium, and may have been involved in the rolling of uranium. Some work of the Havens Laboratory was moved to Seymour, CT, in 1962, to a facility that is now owned by Seymour Specialty Wire. From 1954-1961, the Bridgeport Brass Company performed contract work for the AEC. Operations included production of uranium fuel elements for the Hanford and Savannah River Plant reactors and developmental extrusion work on thorium and depleted natural and slightly enriched uranium. After termination of AEC activities in 1961, most of this plant's functions were transferred to Reactive Metals, Inc. (RMI) in Astabula, Ohio. Bridgeport shipped one large extrusion press to RMI and all other equipment was dismantled and scrapped.
CT Combustion Engineering Windsor AWE/DOE - 1965-1972 - Facility Description: Combustion Engineering (CE) sent shipments of uranium to Fernald between 1965 and 1972 for use in the nuclear weapons production process. It is because of these shipments that this site qualifies as an Atomic Weapons Employer for these years. Combustion Engineering performed substantial work for the Atomic Energy Commission in other years as well, but this work is not covered under EEOICPA because it was either non-nuclear or was not related to weapons production. Starting in the 1940s, this initial work at the site involved non-nuclear components. In 1955, CE began to use highly enriched uranium for its work in supporting the Naval Reactors Program. In the 1960s, CE obtained a license to fabricate fuel elements for power reactors.
CT Connecticut Aircraft Nuclear Engine Lab. (CANEL) Middletown BE/DOE 1958-1966 - The Connecticut Aircraft Nuclear Engine Laboratory (CANEL) worked on an Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) program to develop a nuclear reactor with which to propel aircraft. Specifically, CANEL worked on developing high temperature materials, fuel elements, and liquid metal components and coolants. CANEL consisted of a hot laboratory facility, a nuclear physics laboratory, a fuel element laboratory, a nuclear materials research and development laboratory, and other buildings. The AEC Annual report for 1959 indicates that approximately $4 million in AEC equipment was at CANEL. Plutonium, mixed fission products, and probably uranium were handled at CANEL. A former ORNL employee who had worked at CANEL stated that beryllium metal and oxide in a powdered form were also handled at CANEL. Although President Kennedy canceled the aircraft nuclear propulsion program in 1961, AEC work apparently continued at CANEL until 1965.
CT Dorr Corp. Stamford AWE - 1954; 1963 - The Dorr Corp. conducted waste handling tests on low-level radioactive material (ammonium diuranate). This work was done as a subcontractor to National Lead of Ohio (Fernald).
CT Fenn Machinery Co. Hartford AWE - 1950 - Fenn conducted swaging tests on uranium rods to determine if the process could be used to produce properly shaped rods for Hanford’s production reactors. Two tests, each lasting less than one day, were conducted in June 1950.
CT New England Lime Co. Canaan AWE - 1963 - In 1963, the New England Lime Co. (NELCO) conducted tests on “prill,” a magnesium-uranium waste product, to determine the feasibility of recovering these materials for re-use in the nuclear weapons production system. The prill came from the AEC’s Fernald facility. Six drums of prill were sent from Fernald to NELCO for the test. The New England Lime Company also provided magnesium and calcium to the Manhattan Engineer District and Atomic Energy Commission from 1944-1956.
CT Seymour Specialty Wire Seymour AWE/DOE - 1962-1964 - From 1962 to 1964, the Bridgeport Brass Company performed contract work at the Seymour site for the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). This work involved developing an extrusion process for natural uranium metal. After 1964, the work was consolidated at the Reactive Metals site in Ohio. Operation of the Seymour site was later taken over by employees and the facility eventually became the Seymour Specialty Wire Company.
CT Sperry Products, Inc. Danbury AWE - 1952-1953 - In 1952 and 1953, Sperry developed processes for testing and examining uranium plates for the Sylvania Corp., a major AEC contractor.
CT Torrington Co. Torrington AWE - 1951-1953 - The Torrington Company performed small-scale swaging experiments on uranium rods in the early 1950s. Torrington conducted this work for two companies: the Bridgeport Brass Company and American Machine and Foundry.
DC National Bureau of Standards, Van Ness Street Washington AWE
DC Naval Research Laboratory Washington AWE/DOE
DE Allied Chemical and Dye Corp. North Claymont AWE - early 1950s-late 1960s; Residual Radiation late 1960s-1977 - Allied Chemical and Dye Company was involved in research and development and small pilot-scale operations on uranium recovery from a phosphoric acid plant.
FL American Beryllium Co. Sarasota BE - 1967-1992- American Beryllium Company machined parts for Y-12 and Rocky Flats.
FL Armour Fertilizer Works Bartow AWE - 1951-1955 - Under contract with the AEC, Armour operated a pilot plant which produced uranium from phosphoric acid.
FL C.F. Industries, Inc. Bartow AWE
FL Gardinier, Inc. Tampa AWE - 1951-1954; 1956-1961 - Under contract to the AEC, Gardinier (under the name U.S. Phosphoric Products) operated a pilot plant from 1951 to 1954 which recovered uranium from phosphoric acid. From 1956 to 1961, it produced uranium by recovery of U3O8 from phosphoric acid. Maximum production was 60 tons of uranium concentrate per year. The uranium was ultimately used in weapons production.
FL International Minerals and Chemical Corp. Mulberry AWE - 1951-1961 - International Minerals and Chemical Corp. produced uranium as a byproduct of the recovery of phosphate chemicals and fertilizers. The 1951, AEC contracted with International Minerals and Chemical Corp. for the recovery of uranium, which was ultimately used for the production of weapons. The original production plant was shut down in 1959. Starting in 1954, the uranium recovery unit was located at the Bonnie Plant. In 1955, it switched to the phosphoric acid process. International Minerals and Chemical Corp. became Central Farmers (now C.F.) Industries; in 1969, C.F. Industries became C.F. Chemicals, Bartow Phosphate Works. The phosphoric process was shut down in 1961.
FL Pinellas Plant Clearwater DOE
FL University of Florida Gainesville AWE - 1963-1969 - Documents indicate that the University of Florida handled test quantities of radioactive material under a National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) sub-contract between 1963 and 1969. Upon completion of the project, the material was sent to the Savannah River Site. The University also obtained licenses to handle radioactive material from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
FL Virginia-Carolina Chemical Corp Nichols AWE - 1952-1957 - The Virginia-Carolina Chemical Corporation produced uranium as a byproduct of the recovery of phosphate chemicals and fertilizers. The AEC contracted with the Virginia-Carolina Chemical Corp. for the recovery of the uranium, which was ultimately used in weapons production.
FL W.R. Grace Co., Agricultural Chemical Div. Ridgewood AWE - 1954 - For one month in 1954, W.R. Grace performed the pilot plant work on solvent extraction for Armour Fertilizer, which used the solvent process to extract uranium from phosphates.
HI Kauai Test Facility Kauai DOE - 1975? - Kauai Test Facility is situated on the north end of the U.S. Navy Pacific Missile Range Facility on the west side of the island of Kauai, Hawaii. The Kauai Test Facility has 25 major buildings. Kauai Test Facility is equipped with resources for assembling, testing, launching, tracking, and recovering instrumented rockets, rocket payloads, and aircraft payloads. The Facility also provides high-quality capabilities for receiving, recording, and "quicklook playback" of radio telemetered test data. Additionally, resources are available for optical tracking and photometric coverage of test objects and experiments. The Kauai Test Facility has been in operation since the mid-1970s, conducting an average of three to four weapon system delivery tests per year. The Department of Energy (DOE) suspected that these tests resulted in contamination of three release sites including the rocket launch pads, a drum storage area, and a photography laboratory.
IA Ames Laboratory Ames DOE- 1942-. - Ames Laboratory is located on the Iowa State University Campus in Ames, Iowa. During the Manhattan Project, researchers at Iowa State perfected a magnesium reduction process, producing pure uranium metal that quickly became the industry standard. Iowa State was one of the first organizations to supply metallic uranium used as fuel for the first self-sustaining chain reaction at the University of Chicago. In 1947, the AEC formally established the Ames Laboratory and directed it to focus on materials research. Over the years the laboratory broadened its mission to include fundamental research in the physical, chemical, mathematical, engineering, and environmental sciences as well.
IA Bendix Aviation Davenport AWE - 1960 - On three separate occasions, National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) personnel conducted tests to see how well a Bendix sonic energy cleaning system could clean uranium-contaminated 55 gallon drums.
IA Iowa Ordnance Plant Burlington DOE - 1947-1974 - The Iowa Ordnance Plant (IOP), also known as the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant (IAAP), is a load, assemble, and pack munitions facility that began production in 1941 and continues to operate as a Government-owned, contractor-operated installation. Between 1947 and 1974, a portion of the IAAP was operated under contract to the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) for the purpose of supplying the AEC with explosive components for nuclear weapons. The area of the IOP that performed work for the AEC includes the buildings and property/grounds of the IAAP that is identified as Line 1, as well as Yards C, G and L and the Firing Site Area, Burning Field "B" and the storage sites for pits and weapons, including Buildings 73 and 77. Work performed in these areas is covered under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act. In 1974, the AEC closed out its activities at the plant and transferred all functions to the Pantex Plant. ContractorMason & Hanger-Silas Mason Company (1947-1974).
IA Titus Metals Waterloo AWE - 1956 - Titus Metals performed the extrusion of uranium oxide billets into fuel plates for the Argonaut reactor at Argonne National Laboratory on June 29, 1956.
ID Argonne National Laboratory--West Scoville DOE - 1946-. - Argonne is one of the U.S. Department of Energy's largest research centers. It is also the nation's first national laboratory, chartered in 1946. The Laboratory specializes in reactor engineering, reactor physics, chemistry and metallurgy. Early reactor research focused on the production of plutonium from uranium. Argonne is a direct descendant of the University of Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory, part of the World War II Manhattan Project. Argonne National Laboratories - West was a part of Argonne National Laboratory, operated by the University of Chicago. ANLW was located on the southeastern portion of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. On February 1, 2005 the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory - West became the Idaho National Laboraotry (INL).
ID Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Scoville DOE - 1949-. - In 1949, the Atomic Energy Commission established the National Reactor Testing Station on the site of a 1940s US Navy bombing and artillery range. Today, this site is known as the Idaho National Laboratory (INL). This was the primary nuclear reactor development laboratory in the United States. Over 100 reactor concepts were conceived and tested here. Between 1953 and 1992, the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP) at INL reprocessed spent nuclear fuel from naval propulsion, test, and research reactors to recover enriched uranium for reuse in nuclear weapons production. Other facilities at INL also conducted various nuclear weapons research and development activities. On February 1, 2005 the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory-West became the Idaho National Laboratory. The INL mission is to continue as a National Laboratory, developing and demonstrating compelling national security technologies, and delivering excellence in science and technology. Also at this time, the Idaho Completion Project (ICP) was formed to remediate the site, including the disposition of reactor and non-reactor nuclear facilities.
ID Northwest Machining and Manufacturing Meridian BE - 1996-2000 - Northwest Machining provided machine shop services to Sandia National Laboratory, California.
IL Allied Chemical Corp. Metropolis AWE - 1959-1976; Residual Radiation 1977-October 2009 - After World War II, many companies working for the United States Government produced UF6 feed for uranium enrichment and diffusion plants. The Allied Plant in Metropolis, IL was completed and initial deliveries began sometime in 1959. In 1962, several feed plants were shut down and the privately-owned Allied Chemical Company Plant in Metropolis, IL, took over the conversion of U3O8 to UF6. This plant produced approximately five thousand tons of uranium hexafluoride feed for the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant per year. It was shut down in 1964.
IL American Machine and Metals, Inc. E. Moline AWE - 1960 - American Machine and Metals demonstrated a process for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) that involved dehydration of green salt using a centrifuge process.
IL Argonne National Laboratory--East Argonne DOE
IL Armour Research Foundation Chicago AWE - 1957 - Records indicate that Armour Research Foundation may have tested radioactive materials for National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald).
IL Blockson Chemical Co Joliet AWE - 1951 - 1960 - Blockson Chemical Company operated a plant which produced uranium from phosphoric acid. The AEC contracted with Blockson for the recovery of the uranium, which was ultimately used in weapons production. The AEC Uranium production work performed by Blockson was conducted in a one-story brick structure known as Building 55. This listing is also intended to cover the AEC-funded laboratory, pilot plant and oxidation process, which also occurred at Blockson, and was related to the work in Building 55.
IL C-B Tool Products Co. Chicago AWE - 1944 - For a six month period in 1944, C-B Tool Products Company had a subcontract with the University of Chicago to provide personnel, facilities, and equipment to produce special machining of parts for special equipment, tools, jigs, and fixtures to the Met Lab from materials provided by the University of Chicago. It is unclear whether the company handled radioactive materials
IL Crane Co. Chicago AWE - 1947-1949 - Crane Co. supplied the Atomic Energy Commission with uranium and thorium in the 1940s (and perhaps in the 1950s) and likely used materials containing uranium in manufacturing valves for the AEC. At the completion of one project in 1949, 1000 pounds of contaminated wastes, including 346 grams of uranium, were shipped from Crane to Oak Ridge. In 1949, Crane also shipped 265 kg of normal uranium to Hanford.
IL Dow Chemical Co. Madison AWE - 1957-1960 - The Dow facility in Madison, Illinois, supplied the AEC with Magnesium-thorium sheets and plates, non radioactive equipment, metal products and other services. Dow received a purchase order from Mallinckrodt in March 1960, for research and development on the extrusion of uranium metal and rod. The Department of Energy also has invoices from 1957 and 1958 indicating that the Mallinckrodt Chemical Company Uranium division purchased magnesium-thorium plates and sheets from the Dow Chemical Company in Madison Illinois. Dow sold this facility in 1969 to Consolidated Aluminum, which continued to operate the facility from 1969 through 1986.
IL ERA Tool and Engineering Co. Chicago AWE - 1944 - From February 1944 through June 1944, ERA Tool and Engineering Company contracted with the University of Chicago to supply services and supplies to the Met Lab, specifically to provide necessary personnel, facilities, and equipment required to produce special machining of parts for special equipment, tools, jigs, fixtures, etc. from materials furnished by the University.
IL Fansteel Metallurgical Corp. North Chicago BE - 1944; 1950 - Fansteel Metallurgical Corp. performed beryllium work for the Manhattan Engineer District under Contract No. W-7425 eng-27 for the fabrication of beryllium into sintered shapes and for the manufacture of 600 bricks for delivery to Los Alamos. Fansteel also worked with "approximately 150 pounds of nominal grade beryllium carbide powder" for use in the Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft (NEPA) project. This work is reported to have occurred between April and June of 1950.
IL Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Batavia DOE - 1972-. - Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory was established in 1972 as a research and development facility. Fermi has one of the most powerful particle accelerators in the world and is used to conduct a variety of high-energy physics programs.
IL Granite City Steel Granite City AWE/DOE - 1953-1966 - From 1953 through 1966, General Steel Castings/Industries performed quality control work for the AEC. Specifically, it x-rayed uranium ingots and betatron slices to detect metallurgical flaws for Mallinckrodt Chemical Company. This work was performed in a facility located at 1417 State Street, which was part of what was later known as the "South Plant" of Granite City Steel. This listing is intended to cover only the South Plant, identified by the State Street address, and not any other facility that may have been owned by Granite City Steel prior to or after its purchase of the General Steel Industries facility in the early 1970s. For example, this listing does not cover Granite City Steel facilities on Madison or 20th Street.
IL Great Lakes Carbon Corp. Chicago AWE - 1952-1958 - In 1952, the Great Lakes Carbon Corp. studied graphite for the Atomic Energy Commission and in 1958 it did some Transient Reactor Test Facility (TREAT) fuel work for Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). As part of the contract, ANL agreed to decontaminate the facility used. It handled radioactive uranium and radioactive thorium under AEC contract.
IL GSA 39th Street Warehouse Chicago AWE - 1942-1949 - The 39th Street Warehouse was occupied by the Metallurgical Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory until approximately 1949. Activities in the building included the storage of radioactive materials.
IL International Register Chicago AWE - 1943 - International Register was involved in the development of uranium machining techniques for the Metallurgical Lab and the Manhattan Project.
IL Kaiser Aluminum Corp. Dalton AWE - 1959 - In March 1959, Kaiser performed the extrusion of three CP-5 type fuel elements containing normal uranium oxide for Argonne National Laboratory.
IL Lindsay Light and Chemical Co. W. or Kerr-McGee Chicago AWE - 1942 -1953 - Lindsay Light and Chemical was a commercial processor of monazite sands, which yield several commercially valuable products, including the radioactive metal thorium. The Manhattan Engineer District and then the Atomic Energy Commission purchased thorium from Lindsay.
IL Madison Site (Speculite) Madison AWE/DOE
IL Metallurgical Laboratory Chicago - BE 1942-1946; AWE:1942-1946 - The University of Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory (Met Lab) was involved in early uranium metallurgical work as part of the Manhattan Project. The first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was achieved at the university in a "pile" called the Chicago Pile 1, built by Enrico Fermi and his Met Lab colleagues. The Met Lab is the direct predecessor of Argonne National Laboratory into which all Met Lab functions were transferred in 1946.
IL Midwest Manufacturing Co. Galesbury AWE - 1944 - A November 7, 1944, document indicates that Midwest Manufacturing worked on the "self-lubricating draw die" which was related to metal fabrication for the Manhattan Project.
IL Museum of Science and Industry Chicago AWE - 1946-1953 - Portions of the East Pavilion of the Museum of Science and Industry were used by employees of the Metallurgical Laboratory and the Argonne National Laboratory.
IL National Guard Armory Chicago AWE/DOE - 1942-1951 - In the 1940s, the Manhattan Project leased the National Guard Armory from the State of Illinois for uranium processing and radioactive material storage. In 1951, the site was returned to the State of Illinois.
IL Podbeliniac Corp. Chicago AWE - 1957 - In 1957, National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald) used equipment at the Podbeliniac Corp. to conduct an extraction experiment using uranium in solution.
IL Precision Extrusion Co. Bensenville AWE - 1949-1950; 1956-1959 - Precision Extrusion was involved in several projects for the Atomic Energy Commission and Argonne National Laboratory. From 1949 to 1950, it extruded experimental fuel channel tubes from aluminum and aluminum-lithium alloys.
IL Quality Hardware and Machine Co. Chicago AWE - 1944-1945 - Quality Hardware had a contract to support the University of Chicago. The company canned experimental unbonded uranium slugs for Hanford.
IL R. Krasburg and Sons Manufacturing Co. Chicago AWE - 1944 - In 1944, R. Krasberg entered into a subcontract with the University of Chicago for services and supplies for the Metallurgical Laboratory. The subcontract required Krasberg to provide necessary personnel, facilities and equipment to produce special machining of parts for special equipment, tools, jigs, fixtures, etc., from materials furnished by the University.
IL Sciaky Brothers, Inc. Chicago AWE - 1953 - In 1953, Argonne National Laboratory suggested that Sciaky Brothers be used to perform a stitch welding operation for a uranium cord, zirconium clad specimen EBR irradiation.
IL Swenson Evaporator Co. Harvey AWE - 1951 - Swenson Evaporator was scheduled to perform a raffinate spray drying test for National Lead Company of Ohio (NLO) on March 20, 1951.
IL University of Chicago Chicago AWE/DOE
IL W.E. Pratt Manufacturing Co. Joliet AWE - 1943-1946 - The W.E. Pratt Manufacturing Company performed metal fabrication tasks (machining and grinding) for the University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory beginning in the spring of 1943. The purpose of the machining done by Pratt was to speed up delivery of pieces for the experimental pile and to learn all that could be learned about handing uranium metal in turret lathes and automatic screw machines. In 1944, Pratt was subcontracted by the University of Chicago to finish “short metal rods” by centerless grinding. This work continued until June 30, 1946. The Manhattan Engineer District History indicates that DuPont placed an order with Pratt to turn and grind unbonded Hanford slugs.
IL Wycoff Drawn Steel Co. Chicago AWE - 1943 - In 1943, the Metallurgical Laboratory conducted experiments of centerless grinding equipment on uranium.
IN American Bearing Corp. Indianapolis AWE 1954-1959; Residual Radiation 1960-1983 - American Bearing Corp. was selected to participate in the machining of a sample lot of four hollow extrusion uranium billets from ingots for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald). Subsequently, National Lead used the Special Products Area of American Bearing to process uranium materials in the late 1950s. In May 1959, National Lead Industries (NLI), Nuclear Division was formed in Albany (Colonie), NY, and this work was moved to this NLI facility.
IN Dana Heavy Water Plant Dana DOE - 1943-1957 - Most of the heavy water for the U.S. nuclear weapons programs was made at two sites: the Dana Heavy Water Plant and the Savannah River Heavy Water Plant. The Dana Heavy Water Plant was designed and built by the Girdler Corporation (under direction from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company) and operated by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. The plant, located in Newport, Indiana, operated until May 1957, and remained on standby until July 1959. The site used a combination of hydrogen sulfide-water chemical exchange, water distillation, and electrolysis processes to make heavy water.
IN General Electric Plant Shelbyville AWE - 1956 - In 1956, this facility handled thorium metal under subcontract to National Lead of Ohio (Fernald).
IN Joslyn Manufacturing and Supply Co. Ft. Wayne AWE - 1944-1952 - Joslyn rolled uranium rods from billets for use by the MED and the AEC in weapons production.
IN Purdue University Van der Graaf Lab. Lafayette AWE - 1942-1946 - Purdue was involved in nuclear physics research during the Manhattan Project.
IN Washrite Indianapolis AWE
KS Spencer Chemical Co., Jayhawks Works Pittsburg AWE
KY Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant Paducah DOE - 1951-1998 - The Department of Energy’s Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant opened in 1952 to enrich uranium for nuclear weapons. During the plant’s Cold War history, more than one million tons of uranium was processed. Construction of the Paducah plant began in 1951 in response to the increased demand for highly-enriched uranium resulting from nuclear weapons production. Initial operations began in 1952 and full operation was reached by 1955. In addition to producing enriched uranium for weapons production, the plant also supplied enriched uranium for the Navy and for commercial fuel. The Paducah Plant also acted as the uranium hexafluoride feed point for all gaseous diffusion plants until 1964. Throughout the course of its operations, the potential for beryllium exposure existed at this site.
LA Ethyl Corporation Baton Rouge BE - 1967-1971 - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory purchased beryllium from the Ethyl Corporation, Baton Rouge.
MA American Potash & Chemical West Hanover AWE - 1959 -1961 - American Potash and Chemical Company conducted uranium metal shaping and uranium-magnesium explosive forming studies for Union Carbide Nuclear Corporation, Oak Ridge.
MA C.G. Sargent & Sons Graniteville AWE - 1968 - C.G. Sargents and Sons Company performed extruder and drying oven tests with thorium for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald). It also conducted a uranium sump cake drying test for NLO.
MA Chapman Valve Indian Orchard AWE/DOE - 1948-1949 - Chapman Valve supplied valves to the MED and the AEC. In 1948, Chapman Valve machined uranium rods into slugs for the Brookhaven National Laboratory. Uranium slugs were used as reactor fuel.
MA Edgerton Germeshausen & Grier, Inc. Boston AWE - 1950-1953 - EG&G was under contract to the AEC during the period from 1950-1953 for "research and development and manufacturing incident to the installation of scientific test instrumentation at AEC test sites; design, manufacture, test, maintenance of operations systems, weapons systems; and participation in weapons test evaluation."
MA Fenwal, Inc. Ashland AWE - 1967-1968 - In 1967 and 1968, National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) asked Fenwal to conduct tests aimed at determining the capabilities of Fenwal's fire extinguishing equipment for suppressing fires originating in uranium contaminated magnesium. The tests were conducted at Fenwal facilities and involved small amounts of uranium.
MA Franklin Institute Boston BE - 1962 - The Franklin Institute conducted a study for the Division of Reactor Development in 1962.
MA Heald Machine Co. Worcester AWE - 1960 - National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) conducted tests on a drilling machine at the Heald facility. The tests involved drilling a few uranium slugs on the machine which Fernald intended to purchase.
MA La Pointe Machine and Tool Co. Hudson AWE - 1956 - National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) conducted a single test involving the use of uranium metal on a broaching machine and an arbor press at the La Pointe Machine Tool Company facility.
MA Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge AWE/BE - 1946-1963 - The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) began experimental work on producing uranium metal in the spring of 1942 using a process involving melting and casting. It is this uranium metallurgical work which took place on the MIT campus by MIT employees that supports its designation as an Atomic Weapons Employer (AWE). MIT is also designated as a beryllium vendor. MIT's work with beryllium was known as the "Metallurgical Project" and started when it entered into a research and development contract with the Manhattan Engineer District (MED). The Metallurgical Project involved studying the characteristics of beryllium metal and attempting to make a satisfactory beryllium-uranium alloy. In addition, beryllium oxide crucibles were made for use by the MED. After a number of its employees contracted beryllium disease, MIT consolidated the activities described above in an off-campus site known as the Hood Building, which is a separate covered facility under the EEOICPA. The transition to the Hood Building was complete by the fall of 1946. In 1946, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) relocated the work it had been performing under Manhattan Engineer District (MED) contracts into the Hood Building as a means of consolidating work with unique health hazards. The MED, and subsequently the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) owned the Hood Building, which was located adjacent to the MIT campus. Contractors working in the Hood Building performed the same work that was previously performed on MIT's campus, including work with uranium, beryllium and other metals under contract with the MED and AEC. In 1954 Nuclear Metals Inc. was established and took over the work that MIT had been performing in the Hood Building. Those operations continued until October 29, 1958, when the work was relocated again. The Hood Building was subsequently demolished after which the AEC released it to its new owners on July 11, 1963. Contractors: MIT (1946-1954); Nuclear Metals, Inc. (1954-1958)
MA Metals and Controls Corp. Attleboro AWE - 1952-1967 - Records indicate that Metals and Controls Corporation fabricated fuel elements for production reactors, but it is unclear whether its work related to the nuclear weapons complex. For example, Metals and Controls Corporation fabricated uranium foils for reactor experiments and fuel components, fabricated complete reactor cores for the Naval Reactors program, and fabricated uranium fuel elements for experimental and research reactors. Records indicate shipments of depleted uranium between Rocky Flats and M&C during the period from 1955-1958.
MA National Research Corp. Cambridge AWE - 1944-1952 - National Research had Manhattan Engineer District experience in working with vacuum centrifugal castings, in developing jets and baffles for diffusion pumps, and in developing cold trap systems. National Research's work with vacuum centrifugal castings (contract W-7405-eng-293) involved casting tubealloy (uranium metal) using the "lost wax" technique. In 1948, National Research did work for Mallinckrodt involving the vacuum melting of approximately 500 pounds of uranium.
MA Norton Co. Worcester AWE/BE - BE 1944-1956; AWE 1945-1957 - Norton manufactured refractory products from boron, beryllium, uranium, thorium, and magnesium oxide for the MED and the AEC. As early as 1943, Norton was providing boron to the SAM laboratory. Documents show that Norton began working with beryllium for the MED in approximately September 1944 and that work with beryllium continued through 1956. Work with thorium and uranium continued through 1957 at Norton's Worcester location. Norton continued to manufacture refractory products until at least 1965 for the AEC weapons complex, including Rocky Flats, Hanford and Y-12. However, after 1957 these contracts specified that the refractory products were to be made out of magnesium oxide.
MA Nuclear Metals, Inc. Concord AWE/BE - BE 1954-1986; AWE 1958 -1990 - Nuclear Metals, Inc. was incorporated in 1954. Its work evolved out of the MIT's Metallurgical Laboratory. On October 29, 1958 the company moved its operations from the Hood Building in Cambridge (which is a separate covered facility under the EEOICPA) to their new Concord location. The company's current name is Starmet. In 1958, Nuclear Metals began operating as a facility that produced depleted uranium products, primarily as penetrators for armor-piercing ammunition. It also supplied copper-plated uranium billets that were used to fuel Savannah River's production reactors. Other work at this facility included the manufacture of metal powders for medical applications, photocopiers and other applications. Thorium and thorium oxide was also handled at the site under license to the NRC. During the period from 1962-1986, Nuclear Metals was the sole source supplier for beryllium alloy end closure fuel element rings used in the “N” Reactor in Richland.
MA Reed Rolled Thread Co. Worcester AWE - 1955 - In 1955, Reed Rolled Thread and Die was scheduled to thread roll a test lot of 1500 Savannah River plant slugs for National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald).
MA Shpack Landfill Norton AWE/DOE - 1960-1965 - The Shpack Landfill began operating as a private landfill in the early 1960s and received both industrial and domestic wastes. The landfill was closed in 1965 under court order. In 1978, a concerned citizen who had detected elevated radiation levels at the site contacted the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The Commission investigated the site and confirmed the presence of radioactivity in excess of natural background levels for the area. Exactly when these contaminants were deposited at the site is not known. However, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission determined that the Texas Instruments plant (see Metals and Controls Corp.) of Attleboro had used the landfill to dispose of trash and other materials. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission concluded that the contaminants probably resulted from this waste stream.
MA Ventron Corporation Beverly AWE/DOE - 1942-1948 - From 1942 to 1948, Metal Hydrides Corp. was under contract to the Manhattan Engineer District and the Atomic Energy Commission to convert uranium oxide to uranium metal powder. This work, as well as later operations to recover uranium from scrap and turnings from a fuel fabrication plant at Hanford, was conducted at a foundry at the site. During this period, Metal Hydrides was the AEC's primary uranium scrap recovery contractor. The plant is currently owed by the Ventron Division of Morton International.
MA Winchester Engineering and Analytical Center Winchester DOE - 1952-1961 - The Winchester Engineering and Analytical Center, built in 1952 under sponsorship of the AEC, was used to continue development of methods for extraction of uranium and thorium form ore and to prepare metal grade uranium tetrafluoride. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) began the work in 1946 at Cambridge, MA and continued the work after it was transferred later that year to Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, MA. American Cyanamid Company succeeded MIT in operating the project at Watertown Arsenal from 1951 until October 1952, when it was transferred to the Winchester Facility. In 1954, National Lead Company, Inc. took over operations. Beginning in 1959, facility use shifted to laboratory testing of environmental analysis methods pertaining to uranium waste. In 1961, the work was discontinued, and the facility was transferred to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) for use as a low-level environmental radiation surveillance laboratory and for analysis of radiopharmaceuticals. The facility is now run by the Food and Drug Administration. Contractors: National Lead Company (1954-1961); American Cyanmid (1952-1954)
MA Woburn Landfill Woburn AWE - 1955-1960 - Fifty 55-gallon drums of low grade uranium ore were buried at the Woburn site. The material came from the AEC Raw Materials Development Laboratory (see the Winchester Engineering and Analytical Center) operated by the National Lead Company under contract from 1955-1960.
MA Wyman Gordon Inc. Grayton, North Grafton BE - 1959-1965 - Wyman-Gordon supplied beryllium powder forgings and beryllium blanks to the Rocky Flats plant and beryllium metal and parts to the Y-12 plant.
MD Armco-Rustless Iron & Steel Baltimore AWE - 1948 - Armco-Rustless Iron and Steel Co. rolled eight billets of uranium for the AEC. It was a one time test of rolling.
MD W.R. Grace and Company Curtis Bay AWE/DOE - 1955-1958 - Processing of radioactive materials at W.R. Grace began in July 1955 when Rare Earths, Inc. (W.R. Grace's predecessor) entered into a contract with the Atomic Energy Commission to extract thorium and rare earths from naturally-occurring monazite sands. In 1956, the Atomic Energy Commission contract and Rare Earths' license to possess, transfer, and use radioactive thorium were transferred to W.R. Grace & Company. The facility where thorium processing took place (Building 23) operated until late spring of 1957, when W.R. Grace and the Atomic Energy Commission agreed to terminate the contract, effective January 31, 1958.
MI AC Spark Plug Flint BE - 1946-1947; Residual Radiation 1948-October 2009 - There was also a small amount of thorium procurement related to AC Spark Plug in the 1946-1947 timeframe.
MI Baker-Perkins Co. Saginaw AWE - 1956 - On May 14-18 1956, Baker-Perkins performed a test of their mixing equipment for National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald).
MI Brush Beryllium Co. Detroit AWE- 1942-1950s - The Brush Beryllium Company in Detroit, MI, was one of several companies that rolled or extruded uranium rods for Hanford reactor fuel in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In 1950, Hanford began making rolled uranium rods onsite, but the Atomic Energy Commission shifted the rolling work to the Fernald, OH, Feed Materials Production Center and its supporting contractors in 1952. A number of private companies, including Brush Beryllium Company, contracted with Fernald to provide Hanford with these rolled rods.
MI Carboloy Co. Detroit AWE - 1956 - In 1956, the Carboloy Company conducted operations to turn down the outer diameter of uranium slugs.
MI Extruded Metals Co. Grand Rapids AWE - 1944 - A November 7, 1944, document indicates that Extruded Metals participated in work related to metal fabrication for the Manhattan Project.
MI General Motors Adrian AWE/DOE
MI Gerity-Michigan Corp. Adrian BE - 1949-1950s - Gerity-Michigan operated a 2200/550 ton tube and rod extrusion press and performed the first extrusion of beryllium there on May 11, 1949 for the AEC.
MI Mitts & Merrel Co. Saginaw AWE - 1956 - In a test for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald), Mitts and Merrell reduced a thorium metal chunk to small particle size pieces in its Hog Grinder.
MI Oliver Corp. Battle Creek AWE - 1956-1957; 1961-1962 - The Oliver Corporation participated in green salt briquetting testing for the National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald). Records indicate that testing took place in November 1956, July 1957, May 1961 and May 1962.
MI Revere Copper and Brass Detroit AWE/BE - BE 1946-1950; AWE 1943-1954 - Revere Copper and Brass extruded uranium rods at its Detroit plant starting in 1943 under contracts for the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). Additionally, in October 1964, Revere Copper and Brass produced one thorium bar, which was divided up and sent to a number of AEC facilities. Revere also extruded beryllium ingots and billets into rods at its Detroit plant between 1946 and 1950. Revere had a contract with the AEC for beryllium work, but not with the MED. Revere also worked with beryllium alloys. Some of the beryllium work was done on parts or components for the Materials Testing reactor.
MI A.O. Smith Corporation 1948-1950 - A.O. Smith studied methods for protecting beryllium carbide-matrix bodies for the Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft (NEPA) project
MI Speedring Experimental & Tool Company Detroit BE -
MI Speedring Systems, Inc. Detroit BE- 1963; 1968; 1973-1975; 1992 - Speedring machined beryllium-containing parts for Rocky Flats and Y-12. The Detroit Speedring office designation covers both of the locations to which the Detroit forwarding office sent work, including their locations in Warren, MI and Rochester Hills, MI. There is a separate Speedring facility in Culman, Alabama.
MI Star Cutter Corp. Farmington AWE - 1956 - The Star Cutter Corporation manufactured machine tools. Records indicate that National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) conducted a one-time test of a Star Cutter drill to hollow uranium slugs.
MI University of Michigan Ann Arbor AWE - 1944 - The University of Michigan developed radar fuses and conducted ordnance research to assist Los Alamos in atomic bomb research and production.
MI Wolverine Tube Division Detroit AWE/BE - 1943-1946 - In 1943, the University of Chicago subcontracted to Wolverine Tube of Detroit, Michigan, for help in extrusion of metals that were needed as part of the Manhattan Project. Wolverine Tube performed research on the fabrication of aluminum slugs and the process of aluminum canning and also experimented with thorium and beryllium. This contract ended in 1946.
MN Elk River Reactor Elk River DOE - 1962-1968 - The Elk River Reactor was constructed by the AEC as part of its power reactor demonstration program. The Rural Cooperative Power Association received a contract for the dismantling of the reactor and the removal of all detectable reactor radioactivity when operations ceased.
MO Kansas City Plant Kansas City DOE - 1949-present - The Kansas City Plant was constructed in 1942 to build aircraft engines for the Navy. After World War II, it was used for storage. In 1949, the AEC asked the Bendix Corporation to take over part of the facility and it began manufacturing nonnuclear components for nuclear weapons. Electrical, electromechanical, mechanical, and plastic components are manufactured or procured by this facility.
MO Latty Avenue Properties Hazelwood AWE/DOE - 1967-1974 - The Mallinckrodt Chemical Company conducted uranium milling and refining operations under contracts with the Manhattan Engineer District and the Atomic Energy Commission at the St. Louis Downtown Site in Missouri. Mallinckrodt transported process residues to the St. Louis Airport Site (also in Missouri) for storage until the Commercial Discount Corporation of Chicago purchased them in 1967; Commercial Discount transported the residues to the Latty Avenue Properties for storage and processing. This material was sold to the Cotter Corporation in 1969 and was dried and shipped to their facilities in Canon City, Colorado.
MO Mallinckrodt Chemical Co., Destrehan St. Plant St. Louis AWE/DOE - 1942-1962 - From 1942 to 1957, Mallinckrodt Chemical Company conducted a variety of milling and recovery operations with uranium chemical compounds at the St. Louis Downtown Site, also known as the Destrehan Street Plant. The plant refined uranium ore, ultimately producing uranium metal. The activities supported research, development, and production programs for the national defense program. By 1957, the Mallinckrodt Chemical Company had processed more than 45,000 metric tons (50,000 tons) of natural uranium products at its facilities. During closeout of operations in 1957, government-owned buildings were either dismantled or transferred to Mallinckrodt as part of a settlement. Decontamination work continued to 1962 when the plant was released back to Mallinckrodt.
MO Medart Co. St. Louis AWE - 1951-1952 - The Medart Company manufactured steel mill machining equipment which was useful in uranium processing.
MO Roger Iron Co. Joplin AWE - 1956 - The Roger Iron Company conducted a test operation involving crushing of a dolomite c-liner for the AEC. The liner had trace amounts of uranium and magnesium fluoride.
MO Spencer Chemical Co. Kansas City AWE - 1956-1961 - The Spencer Chemical Company, Jayhawks Works, processed unirradiated uranium scrap for the AEC, recovering enriched uranium from it for use in the weapons complex.
MO St. Louis Airport Site St. Louis AWE/DOE - 1947 -1973; 1984-1998 - The Manhattan Engineer District (MED) began utilizing the St. Louis Airport Storage Site (SLAPS) in 1946 as a place to store residues from the Mallinckrodt Chemical Works. The MED acquired title to the property on January 3, 1947. In 1973 the property was transferred back to the city of St. Louis. Then in 1984, through the Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act (Public Law 98-3060) the property was returned to the Department of Energy until 1997 when Congress transferred it to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
MO Tyson Valley Powder Farm St. Louis AWE - 1942-1949 - The Tyson Valley Powder Farm was a storage site for radioactive materials in the late 1940s. Records show, for example, that at the end of 1946, 206,110 pounds of uranium metal were stored at this location for the Manhattan Engineer District.
MO United Nuclear Corp. Hematite AWE - 1958-1973 - The United Nuclear Corporation in Hematite, Missouri, processed unirradiated uranium scrap for the AEC, recovering enriched uranium from it for use in the nuclear weapons complex. Mallinckrodt Chemical Works owned the Hematite plant until 1961.
MO Weldon Spring Plant Weldon Spring DOE - 1955-1966 - On January 25, 1955, through a permit from the U.S. Department of the Army (Army), the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) occupied land on the Army’s Weldon Springs Ordnance Works for a planned uranium facility. On August 6, 1956, the Army transferred 205 acres of what had been the Weldon Springs Ordnance Works to AEC for construction of a uranium feed materials plant. AEC constructed the Weldon Spring Uranium Feed Materials Plant at this location and contracted with the Mallinckrodt Chemical Company to operate the plant starting in June 1957. The plant was used for uranium refining activities in support of the national defense program. AEC closed the plant in December 1966 after deciding it was obsolete. After closing the plant, AEC transferred the plant and the land back to the Army on December 31, 1967. On October 1, 1985, custody of the chemical plant was retransferred from the Army back to the DOE, which was given responsibility for remediation of the plant. Contaminated groundwater still exists. The area is under institutional controls and monitoring until natural flushing reduces contaminates to acceptable levels. Contractors: Mallinckrodt Chemical Company (1957-1966), National LEad of Ohio (1975-1981); Bechtel National Inc. (1981-1985); MK-Ferguson Company and Jacobs Engineering Group (1986-2002)
MO Weldon Spring Raffinate Pits Weldon Spring DOE - 1955-1966 - On January 25, 1955, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) occupied land, by a permit from the U.S. Department of the Army (Army), to build a uranium feed materials plant. On August 6, 1956, the Army transferred 205 acres of what had been the Weldon Springs Ordnance Works to AEC to construct the plant. In addition to the plant, the AEC also constructed four raffinate pits adjacent to the plant between 1958 and 1964. The pit area expansion was located on an additional 14.88 acres transferred by the Army to AEC on August 24, 1964. The pits were used as collection points and settling basins for chemical and radioactive waste streams coming from the plant. After closing the plant (including the associated raffinate pits) in December 1966, AEC transferred the land back to the Army, but AEC retained ownership and control of the wastes in the raffinate pits. On October 1, 1985, the land was retransferred from the Army back to the DOE, which was given responsibility for remediation of the pits. Contaminated groundwater still exists. The area is under institutional controls and monitoring until natural flushing reduces contaminates to acceptable levels. Contractors: Mallinckrodt Chemical Company (1957–1966); National Lead of Ohio (1966–1981); Bechtel National, Inc. (1981–1985); M-K Ferguson Company and Jacobs Engineering Group (1986–2002.)
NC Beryllium Metals and Chemical Corp. Bessemer City BE - 1962-1969 - Purchase orders from Y-12 indicate that Beryllium Metals and Chemical Corp. (BERMET) did some beryllium work for Y-12, beginning in 1963 and continuing at least through 1965.
NC University of North Carolina Chapel Hill BE - 1949-1954 - The AEC Division of Biology and Medicine supported beryllium research at the University of North Carolina.
NE Hallam Sodium Graphite Reactor Hallam DOE - 1960-1971 - The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) built and operated the Hallam Nuclear Power Facility in the 1960s. When the AEC retired this facility in 1971, the reactor core and most other radioactive materials were removed from the site; some radioactive materials were entombed in place.
NJ Aluminum Co. of America (Alcoa) Garwood AWE - 1944 - Under subcontract to the Metallurgical Laboratory (University of Chicago), the Garwood facility manufactured casting dies and used them to cast uranium slugs. This work was conducted intermittently between July and November of 1944.
NJ American Peddinghaus Corp. Moonachle AWE - 1978 - The facility conducted a one-day shear (cutting) test on uranium metal for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) in 1978.
NJ Baker and Williams Co. Newark AWE - 1943 -1962 - Baker and Company processed radioactive platinum as part of the process of making polonium, which was needed for initiators in nuclear weapons. Baker and Co. also processed unirradiated uranium scrap for the AEC to recover enriched uranium for use in the weapons complex.
NJ Bell Telephone Laboratories Murray Hill AWE - 1943-1944 - This facility handled a quantity of uranium during World War II, probably in support of its work to develop effective barrier materials for the K-25 facility in Oak Ridge.
NJ Bloomfield Tool Co. Bloomfield AWE - 1947; 1951 - The facility had a small research contract with the Atomic Energy Commission in 1947. In 1951, it did some experimental machining of uranium slugs for the AEC.
NJ Bowen Lab. North Branch AWE - 1951 - Bowen Engineering conducted some experimental work at their laboratory in New Jersey on uranium compounds during a two-day period in 1951.
NJ Callite Tungsten Co. Union City AWE - 1944 - According to a 1944 document, the Callite Tungsten Co. used its machines to cold roll uranium metal rods for the Manhattan Engineer District.
NJ Chemical Construction Co. Linden AWE - 1953-1955 - The Chemical Construction Company conducted research and development activities to recover uranium and other metals from low-grade waste materials. The wastes were generated by uranium processing operations at the Mallinckrodt facility in St. Louis, Missouri.
NJ Du Pont Deepwater Works Deepwater AWE/DOE - 1942-1949 - In the 1940s, E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Company (DuPont) produced uranium products and conducted research on uranium hexafluoride. These activities were conducted first for the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), and later under contract to the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). DuPont also developed processes to convert uranium dioxide to uranium hexafluoride, and produced uranium oxide and uranium metal which was used to fuel the CP-1 reactor at the University of Chicago. After completion of these activities, the AEC conducted limited decontamination and released the site to DuPont for reuse. DuPont currently operates a chemical plant at this site.
NJ International Nickel Co., Bayonne Laboratories Bayonne AWE - 1951-1952 - International Nickel plated uranium slugs with nickel for use in the nuclear weapons production system during the early 1950s.
NJ J.T. Baker Chemical Co. Phillipsburg AWE - 1948; 1957-1958 - J.T. Baker Chemical was licensed by Atomic Energy Commission to process and distribute refined uranium.
NJ Kellex/Pierpont Jersey City AWE/DOE - 1943-1953; Residual Radiation 1954-1978; 1981-1983 - In 1943, the M.W. Kellogg Company established the Kellex Corporation to design and construct the first gaseous diffusion uranium enrichment facility, the K-25 Plant, in Oak Ridge TN. This work was conducted under contract to the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) and later to the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). In the 1940s and early 1950s, Kellex conducted research and development on fuel reprocessing and component testing using uranium hexafluoride, and uranium processing and recovery techniques at. In 1951, the Vitro Corporation of America assumed all the rights and obligations of the Kellex Corporation. In 1953, Kellex discontinued all AEC contract work at the Kellex/Pierpont site.
NJ Maywood Chemical Works Maywood AWE/DOE - 1947-1950 - From 1916 to 1959, Maywood Chemical Works extracted radioactive thorium and rare earth elements from monazite sands for use in commercial products. From 1947 to 1950 the AEC purchased thorium compounds from the Maywood Chemical Company.
NJ Middlesex Municipal Landfill Middlesex AWE/DOE - 1948-1960 - From 1948 to 1960, the Middlesex Sampling Plant conducted thorium and uranium activities and disposed of the wastes at the Middlesex Municipal Landfill.
NJ Middlesex Sampling Plant Middlesex DOE - 1943-1967 - In 1943, the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) established the Middlesex Sampling Plant to assay, sample, store, and ship uranium, thorium, and beryllium ores. Until 1950, the plant was operated by the MED and then the AEC. By 1948, Ledoux and Company and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. personnel were stationed on site to perform assaying work. Another contractor, Perry Warehouse, provided laborers until about 1950. From 1950 to 1955, United Lead, a subsidiary of National Lead Co., operated the plant for the AEC. The plant discontinued uranium and beryllium assaying and sampling activities in 1955 and was used as a thorium storage and sampling site until 1967. In 1967, operations at Middlesex were terminated and all remaining thorium sampling activities were transferred to the Feed Materials Production Center and to the Weldon Spring Plant. Contractor: United Lead Company (1950-1955)
NJ National Beryllia Haskell BE - 1968 - 1973; 1983-1986 - National Beryllia performed a demonstration of its capabilities for production of parts for Y-12 beginning in late 1968, with delivery in March 1969. Additionally, National Beryllia delivered some parts to Union Carbide (Y-12), though the records indicate there was only partial performance for this purchase order, which was terminated in April of 1973. Between 1984 and 1986 the National Beryllia division of General Ceramics had a series of purchase orders through Martin Marietta, which was operating Y-12 at the time. These contracts involved the shipment of beryllium from BrushWellman to National Beryllia with Y-12 being the ultimate customer.
NJ New Brunswick Laboratory New Brunswick DOE - 1948-1977 - From 1948 to 1978, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), a predecessor agency of the Department of Energy (DOE), used the New Brunswick Laboratory as a general nuclear standards laboratory for assaying nuclear and non-nuclear materials used in reactor and weapons programs. The New Brunswick Laboratory (NBL) provided a variety of activities using nuclear materials, including thorium and uranium ores, high purity plutonium and americium, and enriched uranium. In 1977 the New Brunswick Laboratory was moved from New Jersey onto the campus of Argonne National Laboratory -- East, where it remains today.
NJ Picatinny Arsenal Dover AWE
NJ Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Princeton DOE - 1951-. - In 1951, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), a predecessor agency of the Department of Energy (DOE), began operating the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) on Site C and Site D of the James Forrestal Campus. This property is owned by Princeton University. Research at PPPL began with construction of the Model-C Stellerator, which was later converted to a pulse-operated device. Today, this laboratory continues to conduct research on nuclear fusion and development of nonweapons applications of this technology.
NJ Rare Earths/ W.R. Grace Wayne AWE/DOE - 1950-1960 - Rare Earths extracted thorium from monazite sands from 1950-1960 under various contracts with the AEC. The AEC needed the thorium for its weapons program. Although the processing of monazite sands continued at Rare Earths through 1971, it was no longer performed under contract for the AEC, but rather was for commercial purposes. Remediation activities were conducted from 1985-1987 by Thermo Analytical/Eberline and Bechtel National Inc. (BNI) under the BNI umbrella contract as part of the Formerly Utilized Site Remediation Action Program (FUSRAP).
NJ Standard Oil Development Co. of NJ Linden AWE - 1942-1945 - Standard Oil locations at both 1900 East Linden Avenue (Linden) and the property at 1400 Park Avenue (Bayway) performed a variety of tasks for the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) during World War II. The company was contracted to obtain materials for work being done by the Metallurgical Laboratories of the MED. It also conducted studies and performed development work to produce uranium metal through chemical reduction processes and to construct and operate a centrifuge pilot plant for uranium separation. The company continued to provide consulting and analytical services for the Atomic Energy Commission.
NJ Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken BE - 1959-1960 - The Stevens Institute of Technology performed beryllium research and development for the AEC. Researchers at the school's Powder Metallurgy Laboratory experimented with slip casting production techniques as a replacement for the conventional vacuum-hot-pressed block process. Beryllium powder was the primary ingredient in the production process. The laboratory's working inventory during the course of the contract included approximately 50 pounds of beryllium metal powder produced by the Brush Beryllium Company.
NJ Tube Reducing Co. Wallington AWE - 1952; 1955; 1957 - Tube Reducing Co. conducted tests for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) on shaping and sizing uranium rods. In January 1952, two uranium rods were processed. More tubes were extruded in a reduction experiment in January 1955. Another test was conducted in 1957.
NJ U.S. Pipe and Foundry Burlington BE- 1943 - A small amount of beryllium mesh (15 pounds) was sent to U.S. Pipe and Foundry by the MED.
NJ United Lead Co. Middlesex AWE - 1950-1967 - From 1950 to 1955, United Lead, a subsidiary of National Lead Company, was the AEC's operating contractor for the Middlesex Sampling Plant. The Middlesex Sampling Plant sampled, assayed, stored, and shipped uranium, thorium, and beryllium ores. The plant discontinued uranium and beryllium assaying and sampling activities in 1955. Until 1967, the site was used as a thorium storage and sampling site.
NJ Vitro Corp. of America West Orange AWE - 1951-early 1960s - In December 1951, Vitro was asked to submit a proposal for research on thorium fluoride production, scrap recovery and waste recovery to involve 14 chemists and analysts. Though it is not certain whether this work was undertaken, by the late 1950s and early 1960s, Vitro conducted work under AEC contract converting low-enrichment uranium dioxide to uranium carbide spheres. The uranium dioxide was shipped from Rockwell International (then known as the Atomics International Division of North American Aviation, Inc.) to Vitro for conversion into uranium carbide and was then shipped back to Rockwell. Around 1958, Vitro also conducted work under contract to the AEC Oak Ridge Operations Office for the separation of fission products.
NJ Westinghouse Electric Corp. Bloomfield AWE - 1942 -1949 - Westinghouse Electric, located in Bloomfield, NJ, was one of the large commercial contributors to Manhattan Project research. Specific tasks related to uranium metal production and enrichment. Because developing the technology to produce pure uranium metal became a priority for the Manhattan Project, universities, and private companies with experience in related chemical processes participated in the task. From 1942-1943, Westinghouse used a photochemical process for metallic uranium and supplied metallic uranium for the first self-sustaining chain reaction in Chicago. In addition to contributing to uranium metal production, Westinghouse Electric participated in activities related to uranium enrichment. Westinghouse also worked with thorium for the Manhattan Project at this location.
NJ Wykoff Steel Co. Newark AWE - 1950 - Wykoff Steel conducted tests of methods to straighten and finish uranium rods on September 6, 1950.
NM Accurate Machine & Tool Albuquerque - 1987-2002 - Accurate Machine & Tool provides machine shop services to Sandia National Laboratory, CA
NM Albuquerque Operations Office Albuquerque DOE 1942-. - The Albuquerque Operations Office is the major defense program field organization in the Department of Energy. Although its roots can be traced to the Manhattan Engineer District's efforts to provide the nation with a nuclear weapons capability, the Albuquerque Operations Office did not officially come into existence as a civilian organization until the establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission in 1946. Originating during the war years as the Los Alamos "Z" division - the engineering branch of the project. After the establishment of the AEC, it was called the Santa Fe Operations Office. The Office moved to Albuquerque in 1951 and in 1956, became the Albuquerque Operations Office. Today, in managing a national program, Albuquerque's primary mission continues to be stewardship and maintenance of the nation's nuclear weapons stockpile.
NM Chupadera Mesa Chupadera Mesa DOE
NM Hangar 481 DOE 1989 - 1996 - The Department of Energy contracted with Ross Aviation, Inc. to manage and operate Hangar 481 on the premises of the Kirtland Air Force Base for the convenience of the adjacent Sandia National Laboratory.
NM Kirtland Operations Office Albuquerque DOE - 1964 -The Kirtland Operations Office was founded in 1964 as part of the United States atmospheric nuclear testing readiness program. Today, this applied-science and engineering organization supports the National Nuclear Security Administration. Contractors: Honeywell Corporation (2000 - 2009); AlliedSignal(1984-2000); Allied Corporation (1982 - 1984); Bendix Corporation (1 964- 1982)
NM Los Alamos Medical Center Los Alamos DOE - 1952-1963 - Los Alamos Medical Center started as an Army hospital for Manhattan Project workers. A new facility was constructed in 1951 and opened in January 1952. The AEC sold the hospital to a private entity in 1963.
NM Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos DOE - 1942-. - Operated by the University of California since its inception, Los Alamos National Laboratory designed, developed and tested the world's first nuclear weapons. After World War II, Los Alamos (called the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory) continued as an important nuclear weapons research and development facility. Research programs included nuclear physics, hydrodynamics, chemistry, metallurgy, radiochemistry and life sciences. LANL also used its research facilities to back up other areas of the weapons production complex, particularly plutonium processing and fabrication of weapon components.
NM Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute Albuquerque DOE - 1960-. - The Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute (formerly the Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute or ITRI) is located on Kirtland Air Force Base. It was established in 1960 to conduct research on the human health consequences of inhaling airborne radioactive materials. The Institute is operated for Department of Energy (DOE) by the non-profit Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute.
NM Ore Buying Station at Grants Grants DOE - 1956-1958 - The ore buying station at Grants purchased uranium ore for the AEC. Lucius Pitkin managed and operated the Grants station on behalf of the AEC from July 1956 to mid-1958. Contractors: Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-1958).
NM Ore Buying Station at Shiprock Shiprock DOE - 1952-1954 - The ore buying station at Shiprock purchased uranium ore for the AEC. American Smelting and Refining Company managed and operated the Shiprock station from July 1952 to January 1954. Contractor: American Smelting and Refining Company (1952-1954).
NM Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque DOE - 1949-. - Sandia National Laboratory originated in the 1940s as the Z Division of Los Alamos, the engineering arm of the US nuclear weapons development program. In 1949, it was given the mission to design the non-nuclear components for nuclear weapons. Since 1953, areas have been used to test nuclear and non-nuclear weapons components. From 1946-1957, Sandia also housed a weapons assembly line and from 1963-1971, an onsite liquid waste disposal system for liquid radioactive discharges from the Sandia Experimental Reactor Facility. Throughout the course of its operations, the potential for beryllium exposure existed at this site, due to beryllium use, residual contamination, and decontamination activities. Contractors: Lockheed Martin (1995-present); Martin Marietta (1993-1995); AT&T (1951-1993)
NM South Albuquerque Works Albuquerque DOE - 1951-1967 - The AEC owned the South Albuquerque Works from 1951-1967 and used it to produce weapons components. It was opened in anticipation of the 1952 closing of the Buffalo Works. American Car and Foundry was part of the Buffalo operation and also operated the South Albuquerque Works for the AEC. Contractor: American Car and Foundry, Inc. (1951-1967)
NM Uranium Mill at Shiprock Shiprock DOE - 1984-1986 -The former Uranium Mill at Shiprock processed a total of about 1.5 million short tons of uranium ore.
NM Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Carlsbad DOE - 1999-. - The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) was designed for the disposal of transuranic radioactive waste resulting from the research and production of nuclear weapons. It is the world's first underground repository licensed to safely and permanently dispose of transuranic radioactive waste left from the research and production of nuclear weapons. WIPP began operations on March 26, 1999. Contractor: Westinghouse WIPP Company (1999-present)
NV Nevada Site Office or Nevada Operations Office North Las Vegas DOE - 1962-. - The Nevada Site Office was created and assumed responsibility for operations and programs at the Nevada Test Ste (NTS) on March 6, 1962, when nuclear weapons testing became a year-round effort. Prior to that date, it had been operated by the Albuquerque Field Office and prior to that the Santa Fe Operations Office. Atmospheric nuclear testing began at the Nevada Test Site on January 27, 1951 and continued through 1963 when the Test Ban Treaty was signed. After the Test Ban, all nuclear testing was conducted underground. In 2002, beryllium contamination was found in buildings B-1, B-2, B-3 and A-1 in the North Las Vegas Complex. Operations in these building were halted and employees were relocated, due to exposure concerns. Contractors: EG&G Energy Measurements, Raytheon Services Nevada and Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company (REECO) (1962-1995), Bechtel Nevada (1996-present); Wackenhut Services Incorporated (security)(1965-present); IT Corp. (Environmental Services (1993-2003) Stoller/Navarro (Environmental Services)(2003-present)
NV Nevada Test Site Mercury DOE - 1951-. - The Nevada Test Site was established in 1951. The mission of the Test Site is to conduct field tests of nuclear devices in connection with the research and development of nuclear weapons. The Nevada Test Site, slightly larger than the State of Rhode Island, has been the primary location for testing nuclear explosive devices since Operation Ranger was first conducted in 1951. In addition, the site is used for low-level waste disposal. Currently, the site is allowing other types of testing at the site, conducting remediation, and is in a standby mode so that if nuclear weapons testing ever is needed again, it could be conducted at the Nevada Test Site. Contractors: Bechtel Nevada (1996-present); Reynolds Electrical & Engineering Company (1952-1995). Holmes and Narver was an architectural and engineering contractor at the Nevada Test Site from late 1951 until November 1990. Holmes and Narver's role at the Nevada Test Site was to design and supervise construction of facilities that included towers, bunkers, instrument stations, tunnel complexes, and other test-support facilities. In November 1990, this function was assumed by a new contractor, Raytheon Services, Nevada.
NV Tonopah Test Range Tonopah DOE - 1956-. - The Tonopah Test Range was established by Sandia Corporation and continues today as an outpost to Sandia National Laboratories. Tonopah was established to provide an isolated place for the Atomic Energy Commission to test ballistics and non-nuclear features of atomic weapons. The AEC began leasing this isolated 525 square mile property from the Air Force in early 1956. In August of the same year the AEC contracted Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Company (REECO) for the construction of temporary facilities on the test range. The AEC contracted with Lembke Construction for permanent facilities at the site in 1960. Rocket testing began in 1957 with the series "Doorknob." It is believed that the only operation on site involving radiation occurred in 1963 and was known as Operation Roller Coaster. Studies were also conducted in 1964 at the Tonopah test range as part of the AEC program known as Project Plowshare. These involved the use of non-nuclear explosives to examine earth cratering patterns. A separate Air Force installation at the test range, which consisted of housing, hangers, and other facilities standard to modern Air Force bases, was constructed on the Tonopah Test Range in the late 1970s for developmental testing of the Air Force's F-117 Stealth Fighter plane. The Air Force moved its stealth program Holloman Air Force Base and mothballed its Tonopah base in 1994. The Air Force installation does not qualify as a DOE facility. Contractors: REECO; Lembke Construction of Las Vegas, EG&G, and Advanced Security. Raytheon also served as a contractor at the site, and in the 1993, KMI received Tonopah's primary support and maintenance contract.
NV Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project Yucca Mountain DOE
NY Allegheny-Ludlum Steel Watervliet AWE - 1950-1952 - Allegheny-Ludlum Steel rolled uranium billets into rods for the AEC as part of the multi-site process overseen by the New York Operations Office for the production of uranium metal for fabrication into slugs for fueling the Hanford production reactors.
NY American Machine and Foundry Brooklyn AWE - 1951-1954; Residual Radiation 1955-1992 - During the early 1950s, this location designed and produced industrial equipment for the Atomic Energy Commission. American Machine Foundry also performed a large volume of uranium, thorium and possibly zirconium metal machining work from 1951-1954.
NY Ashland Oil Tonawanda AWE/DOE - 1944-1960; 1974-1982 - In August 1944, the Manhattan Engineer District purchased the Ashland #1 property, formerly known as the Haist Property, for use as a disposal site for approximately 7,250 metric tons (8,000 tons) of uranium ore tailings and concentrate refining residues generated at the nearby Linde site. When the uranium residues were transported to the Ashland #1 site, they were spread over two-thirds of the property to estimated depths of 0.3 to 1.5 meters (one to five feet). In 1960, the Atomic Energy Commission determined that the levels of residual radioactivity at Ashland #1 site were below then current criteria and released the land as surplus. The Ashland Oil Company eventually acquired the property. From 1957 to 1982, the Ashland Oil Company used a portion of the Ashland #2 site as a landfill for disposal of general plant refuse and industrial and chemical wastes and materials. Between 1974 and 1982, Ashland Oil transported from the Ashland #1 site an unknown quantity of soil mixed with radioactive residues to the Ashland #2 landfill.
NY Baker and Williams Warehouses New York AWE/DOE - 1942-1949 - The Manhattan Engineer District and the Atomic Energy Commission used the Baker & Williams site warehouses for short-term storage of uranium concentrates. This material was generated in Port Hope, Canada by milling African ores.
NY Bethlehem Steel Lackawana AWE - 1949-1952 - In 1949, Bethlehem Steel of Lackawanna, New York developed improved rolling mill pass schedules for uranium billets into 1.5-inch rods to be used for reactor fuel rods to later be used at the Fernald plant. Bethlehem also performed uranium rolling experiments to help design the Fernald rolling mill.
NY Bliss & Laughlin Steel Buffalo AWE/DOE - 1951-1952 - Under contract to the National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald), Bliss and Laughlin Steel rolled uranium rods for the AEC and also provided uranium slug machining services. Bliss and Laughlin was part of a complex called the Buffalo Works that fashioned components for the early weapons program. The functions were transferred to the Albuquerque South Valley Site in 1952.
NY Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton DOE - 1947-. - Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is the former site of a U.S. Army installation (Camp Upton) and has been involved in research and development activities in support of the Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessor agencies since 1947. BNL's facilities conduct basic and applied research in high energy and nuclear physics and in other areas of science. Contractors:Brookhaven Science Association (Battelle Memorial Institute and State University of New York at Stony Brook)(1998-Present); Associated Universities, Incorporated (1947-1998)
NY Burns & Roe, Inc. Maspeth BE - 1949 - In 1949, under AEC contract AT(30-1)438, Burns & Roe constructed a pilot plant in Maspeth on Long Island. The plant was constructed as a means of determining the potential value of the Sheer-Korman process in the manufacture of reactor materials. At least one test run involving beryllium was conducted in 1949. The New York Operations Office Health and Safety Laboratory sampled for beryllium in the air in 1949 and 1950, when the plant was dismantled.
NY Carborundum Company Niagara Falls AWE - 1943-1944; 1959-1967 - In 1943 and 1944 the Carborundum Company at its Globar Plant and Buffalo Avenue locations was engaged in various phases of Manhattan Engineer District (MED) programs to determine suitable methods for engineering and shaping uranium rods. This work also involved the forming, coating, and canning of uranium rods for the MED pile. From 1959 through 1967, the company used powder fabrication techniques to manufacture uranium, plutonium, and carbide pellets for an AEC research program. The Hanford facility supplied Carborundum with materials during that period. Carborundurn also performed work during the 1950s that is not covered under EEOICPA, including fabricating nuclear fuel elements for commercial purposes and producing zirconium, hafnium, and titanium for AEC's special reactor materials program.
NY Colonie Site (National Lead) Colonie AWE/DOE - 1958-1968 - From 1958-1968, National Lead Industries owned and operated the Colonie site and during this time it produced uranium products under contract to the AEC. This contract was terminated in 1968. Thereafter, National Lead fabricated various products from depleted uranium. The largest customer for these products was the U.S. Department of Defense with its contract for armor penetrator cores. While the AEC was still a customer during these years, the uranium work was for reactors and not weapons based. Therefore, because this work did not constitute “producing or processing material used in a nuclear weapon”
NY Columbia University New York City AWE/DOE
NY Crucible Steel Co. Syracuse AWE - 1951 - In 1951, New York Operations Office personnel performed a test forging and rolling of 10 thorium billets at Crucible Steel Company.
NY Electro Metallurgical Niagara Falls AWE - 1942-1953 - In 1942, the Electro Metallurgical Company (ElectroMet), a subsidiary of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, was contracted by the Manhattan Engineer District to design, engineer, construct, and operate a metal reduction plant. Developing the technology to produce pure uranium metal was a priority for the Manhattan Project. ElectroMet received uranium tetrafluoride from Union Carbide's Linde Air Products Division. ElectroMet reacted the uranium tetrafluoride with magnesium in induction furnaces to produce uranium metal. Once the metal was produced, it was cast into ingots, and the ingots were then shipped out for testing or for rolling. The leftover process residues were sent to other sites for uranium recovery, storage, or disposal. ElectroMet was also in charge of recasting metal, research and development in low- and high-grade uranium ores, and supplying calcium metal to Los Alamos and other laboratories. From 1950 through 1953, the plant casted zirconium metal sponge into ingots. Ownership of the facility was transferred from the Atomic Energy Commission to ElectroMet in 1953.
NY Environmental Measurements Laboratory New York DOE - 1946-2003 - EML traces its roots to the Medical Division of the Manhattan Project during and after World War II. The Division focused on industrial hygiene, radiation protection and safety. In 1946, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was created. The lab was renamed the Health and Safety Division of the AEC. In 1953 it became the Health and Safety Laboratory, or HASL. Fallout from nuclear weapons tests became a major concern and the lab's focus shifted to measurements and assessments of fallout using a network of gummed film monitoring stations and measurements of the radioactivity levels in various food products. In the 1950's and 1960's, the worldwide sampling network was expanded considerably to include soil and water samples, air filter samples at the surface and in the stratosphere, biological samples, and measurements of wet and dry fallout. In the 1970's, the lab's worldwide sampling programs were expanded to include non-nuclear pollutants. When the Atomic Energy Commission was abolished in 1975, the Health and Safety Laboratory became part of the Energy Research and Development Administration. In 1977, the Energy Research and Development Administration was absorbed by the Department of Energy, and the Health and Safety Laboratory changed its name to the Environmental Measurements Laboratory. In the 1970's, the lab performed extensive radiation transport and dosimetry studies in and around nuclear facilities, and established the Quality Assurance Program for environmental dosimeters and radioanalytical measurements. The lab also did extensive dose reconstructions for nuclear weapons tests, and studied radon in homes. The lab took immediate measurements after the Three-Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents, providing the ability to accurately and comprehensively reconstruct the environmental contamination resulting from these incidents. In 1997, the lab underwent a major change of focus when it moved from the DOE Office of Energy Research to the Office of Environmental Management. Today, EML's primary focus is to support environmental monitoring, decommissioning, decontamination, and remediation efforts. EML continues to put its worldwide monitoring network to good use by developing models of the atmospheric transport of pollutants. The lab has assisted in developing instruments in support of non-proliferation activities and conducts in-situ measurements in support of many decontamination and decommissioning activities undertaken by DOE after the end of the Cold War. In 2003 this laboratory was incorporated into the Department of Homeland Security.
NY Fairchild Hiller Corporation Farmingdale, Long Island BE - 1969-1970 - The Republic Aviation Division of the Fairchild Hiller Corporation produced beryllium products for the AEC's Rocky Flats facility in 1969 and 1970.
NY General Astrometals Yonkers BE - 1963-1965; 1970 - General Astrometals supplied beryllium metal and parts to the Y-12 plant and to Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It also purchased beryllium chips and contaminated powder from Oak Ridge. In 1970 they analyzed some beryllium samples for Rocky Flats.
NY Hooker Electrochemical Niagara Falls AWE - 1943-1948; Residual Radiation 1949-1976 - In January 1943, Hooker began work for the Manhattan Engineer District to manufacture fluoridated and chlorinated organic chemicals. The by-product of this work was hydrochloric acid that was subsequently used in the chemical processing of a uranium-bearing slag as a precursor of uranium recovery. This work was continued until shortly after World War II. Activities related to this contract ended June 1948.
NY International Rare Metals Refinery, Inc. Mt. Kisko AWE - 1942-1949 - The International Rare Metals Company processed pitchblende ores for the African Metals Corporation to extract radium. The same ores were processed for the Manhattan Engineer District to recover uranium.
NY Ithaca Gun Co. Ithaca AWE - 1961-1962 - During 1961-1962, Ithaca Gun conducted tests involving the forging of hollow uranium billets into tubes for the metallurgical group at National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald).
NY Lake Ontario Ordnance Works Niagara Falls DOE - 1944-1997 - In 1944, the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) obtained a portion of the Lake Ontario Ordnance Works (LOOW) from the Department of Defense (DOD) for storage of low-grade radioactive residues resulting from pitchblende ore processing at the Linde Air Products facility. In 1948, when the DOD decommissioned the LOOW, the AEC acquired 1511 acres of the site, including the original storage areas. The AEC declared most of this property as excess in 1955, and by 1968 the General Services Administration was able to dispose of 1298 acres, with 213 acres remaining under AEC control. In 1975, additional property was transferred to the town of Lewiston, leaving the present 191-acre site. The DOE portion of the site became known as the Niagara Falls Storage Site (NFSS). The site remained under DOE control until 1997 when it was transferred to the Corps of Engineers under the FUSRAP program. Following World War II, Linde’s refinery was decommissioned and contaminated equipment was disposed at the LOOW. Contaminated materials from other MED/AEC facilities were also shipped to LOOW for disposal. Beginning in 1949, residues from operations at the Mallinckrodt Chemical Works were shipped to LOOW for storage. During the early 1950’s, the AEC portion of the LOOW was also used for interim storage of uranium and thorium billets and rods being processed by various New York companies. During 1953-1954, the AEC constructed a boron isotope separation plant at the LOOW, which began operations in 1954. The operating contractor for this plant was the Hooker Electrochemical Company which referred to it as Plant 31 (P-31).. In 1958, the facility was placed on stand-by and a maintenance contractor, Page Airways, was employed for routine surveillance. The operation was restarted in 1964, with Nuclear Materials and Equipment Company as the operating contractor. In 1971, the boron facility was again placed on stand-by with National Lead Company of Ohio (NLO) as the caretaker. In 1981, Bechtel National took over the caretaker contract and began plans for remedial work at the site. Clean-up began in 1982. Contractors: Hooker Electrochemical (1953-1958); Page Airways (1958-1964); Nuclear Materials and Equipment Company (NUMEC) (1964-1971); National Lead Company of Ohio (1971-1981); Bechtel National (1981-1997)
NY Ledoux and Co. New York AWE
NY Linde Air Products Buffalo AWE - 1945-1947 - The Linde Air Products facility, also known as the Chandler Plant, was involved in the development and production of barrier for the Oak Ridge Diffusion Plant. During World War II, Linde was part of the Carbide and Carbon Chemical Corporation, later known as Union Carbide.
NY Linde Ceramics Plant Tonawanda AWE/DOE - 1942-1953 - The Linde Air Company performed uranium and nickel processing for the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) at the Ceramics Plant in Tonawanda. African and Canadian ores were milled to black oxides at the plant. Documents indicate that the facility was placed on standby as of March 1, 1950. Linde's contractual agreements with the AEC continued through 1953 for various activities relating to closing out work at the Tonawanda location. Linde was a part of Carbide and Carbon Chemical Corporation (C&CCC), which then became Union Carbide.
NY New York University New York AWE - 1946-1952 - New York University worked on the development of counting equipment for the Manhattan Engineer District/Atomic Energy Commission.
NY Peek Street Facility Schenectady DOE - 1947-1954 - Peek Street was a predecessor to the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory.
NY Radium Chemical Co. New York AWE - 1943-1950 - Beginning in 1943, the Radium Chemical Co. supplied most of the radium required for the Manhattan Engineer District. Combinations of material supplied and/or mixed by the Radium Chemical Company included radium bromide and radium bromide mixed with powdered beryllium. Brass was also used.
NY Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy AWE - 1951-1952; 1963 - Under an AEC contract in the early 1950s, researchers at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute investigated methods for improving the ductility of beryllium by coating the material with copper. The Brush Beryllium Company supplied the beryllium powder for the project. RPI also borrowed 400 lbs. of beryllium for AEC-sponsored research from Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1963. Scientists at RPI conducted a number of AEC-sponsored research studies in the 1950s and 1960s using enriched uranium obtained from commercial sources.
NY Sacandaga Facility Glenville DOE - 1947-1953 - The Sacandaga Facility was operated by the General Electric Company Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory for the AEC from 1947 to 1953. AEC-sponsored research at the facility involved physics studies and sodium technology development in support of breeder reactor design. Work also involved the use of beryllium.
NY SAM Laboratories or Special Alloyed Materials Laboratories, Columbia University New York City DOE - 1942-1947 - Columbia University was already researching some of the problems involved in determining whether it was feasible for the United States to build a nuclear weapon prior to the establishment of the Manhattan Engineer District (MED). Once the MED was formed in 1942, Columbia became part of the effort to build the first atomic weapons. At that time, the Columbia effort was reorganized and designated as SAM (Special Alloy Materials or Substitute Alloy Materials) Laboratories. Buildings used as part of the SAM laboratories at Columbia included Pupin, Schermerhorn, Prentiss, Havemeyer and Nash.
NY Seaway Industrial Park Tonawanda AWE/DOE - 1974 - In 1974, the Ashland Oil Company constructed bermed areas on the Ashland #1 property to hold two petroleum tanks. Some of the soil removed during construction was disposed of in three areas of the Seaway Industrial Park landfill. Subsequent investigations determined that the soil from the Ashland site contained radioactive contaminants exceeding Department of Energy (DOE) guidelines. This soil came from an area used for disposal of radioactive residues from the nearby Linde Air Products site. This company processed uranium for the Atomic Energy Commission and the Manhattan Engineer District, predecessor agencies of the Department of the Energy (DOE).
NY Seneca Army Depot Romulus AWE
NY Separations Process Research Unit (at Knolls Lab.) Schenectady DOE - 1950-1965 - In 1950, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) constructed the Separations Process Research Unit (SPRU) as a pilot plant for developing and testing two chemical processes to extract both uranium and plutonium from irradiated fuel. This facility was operated by the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory. Research and development was completed at SPRU in 1953 and the facility was closed. The technology developed at SPRU was transferred to the Hanford site. In March of 1965 the site was taken over by the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program. Contractors: (Remediation) Accelerated Remediation Company, LLC (2007-2010), Washington Group International (2008-2010).
NY Simonds Saw and Steel Co. Lockport AWE - 1948-1957 - Simonds Saw and Steel rolled uranium billets into rods for the AEC as part of the multi-site process overseen by the New York Operations Office for the production of uranium metal for fabrication into slugs for fueling Hanford production reactors. Simonds also rolled thorium metal whose most likely use was irradiation in Hanford reactors for the weapons program. Simonds rolled between 25 million and 35 million pounds of uranium and between 30,000 to 40,000 pounds of thorium.
NY Staten Island Warehouse New York AWE - 1942 - This warehouse was used for uranium ore storage from the Belgian Congo. From this warehouse, the ore was transported to various Manhattan Engineer District (MED) sites for long-term storage and/or processing. The ore was the property of the African Metals Corporation and the MED contractor purchased only the U3O8 content of the ore while African Metals retained ownership of the radium and precious metals in the ore.
NY Sylvania Products Corp. Bayside AWE/BE - 1947-1962 - The Metallurgical Laboratory of the Sylvania Electric Company investigated uranium and thorium powder metallurgy. It also produced powdered metal slugs, developed bonding techniques, and plated uranium slugs with nickel. The work with slugs included the conversion of uranium metal to uranium hydride using hydrogen. A February 1948 AEC Monthly Summary of Activities indicates that the Lab's "initial program will involve determining the physical properties and the health hazards of beryllium and uranium powders and the applications of powder metallurgy to these metals and their alloys." In 1948, the work required 315 pounds of raw beryllium metal. Beryllium was handled first in the regular metallurgical building and then, after the objections of the AEC medical division, in a special AEC metallurgical development laboratory.
NY Sylvania Corning Nuclear Corp. Hicksville AWE/DOE 1952-1966 - Under Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) contracts, the facility was used for research and development with radioactive materials, principally uranium and thorium. It was also licensed by the AEC to fabricate reactor fuel elements for the AEC, for Sylvania use, for sale, and for research purposes.
NY Titanium Alloys Manufacturing Niagara Falls AWE - 1950-1956 - In the early 1950s, Titanium Alloys Manufacturing was under contract to the AEC to provide zirconium tetrachloride. In 1955, TAM was issued an AEC source material license to do work related to the conversion of thorium scrap to anhydrous tetrachloride. Correspondence from Oak Ridge indicates that it was not interested the company’s thorium work. In 1956, this division reduced ores and other uranium compounds by arc melting in an induction furnace.
NY Trudeau Foundation Saranac Lake BE - 1950-1957 - The AEC Division of Biology and Medicine supported beryllium research studies at the Trudeau Foundation.
NY University of Rochester Atomic Energy Projec & University of Rochester Medical Laboratory Rochester AWE/DOE - 1943-1986 - Although much of the early theoretical and experimental work that led to development of the first nuclear weapon was accomplished outside the United States, American researchers made a number of fundamental contributions as well. Prior to 1942, the University of Rochester was one of the institutions that contributed to early nuclear physics research in the United States. The university was responsible for more than a hundred projects in chemistry, physics, biology, medicine and psychology. During the Manhattan Project, it had major responsibility for the medical aspects of the bomb program. After the war, Rochester received an AEC contract to operate the Atomic Energy Project (AEP), which focused on the biomedical aspects of nuclear energy. The University of Rochester also received funding to study the pathology and toxicology of beryllium as well as to study the analytical chemistry of micro-quantities.
NY Utica St. Warehouse Buffalo AWE - 1945 - Residues from Linde Air operations were stored and rebarreled at this location.
NY West Valley Demonstration Project West Valley DOE - 1966-1973 - From 1966 to 1972, Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc., under contract to the State of New York, operated a commercial nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at the Western New York Nuclear Services Center. The plant reprocessed uranium and plutonium from spent nuclear fuel; sixty percent of this fuel was generated at defense facilities. Spent nuclear fuel reprocessing generated approximately 600,000 gallons of liquid high-level radioactive waste; this waste was stored onsite in underground tanks. In 1980, the United States Congress passed the West Valley Demonstration Project Act (Public Law 96-368), which authorized the Department of Energy (DOE) to conduct a technology demonstration project to solidify the liquid high-level waste at the Western New York Nuclear Services Center. Under this act, DOE is also responsible for developing containers suitable for the permanent disposal of the solidified high-level waste at an appropriate Federal repository; transporting the containers to this repository; disposing of low level waste and transuranic waste generated by high level waste solidification; and decontaminating and decommissioning facilities used for the solidification. DOE is also responsible for dispositioning the spent nuclear fuel stored at the site.In 1982, DOE selected vitrification as the treatment process for high level waste. This process solidifies and stabilizes nuclear waste by mixing it with molten glass. Pretreatment of the high-level waste began in 1988 and was successfully completed in 1995. DOE expects to complete the West Valley Demonstration Project by 2005.
NY Wolff-Alport Chemical Corp Brooklyn AWE - 1949-1950 - Wolff-Alport Chemical Corporation was under contract with the AEC for the procurement of thorium containing sludge for stockpiling by the AEC. A March 1949 document mentions, "current contract expires June 30, 1949 and will probably be extended for another year. Cost is approximately $50,000 annually." This same document shows that almost 30,000 pounds of thorium oxalate sludge was provided the AEC that year.
OH Air Force Plant 36 Evandale AWE
OH Ajax Magnathermic Corp. Youngstown AWE - 1958-1962 - The Ajax-Magnethermic Corp. was involved in induction heat treatment of various forms of uranium for National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald) and also for General Electric (Hanford). The company fabricated an induction heating unit for NLO in 1961.
OH Alba Craft Oxford AWE/DOE - 1952-1957; Residual Radiation 1958-1993 - From 1952 to 1957, Alba Craft provided a variety of machine shop services on natural uranium metal for National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald). Early work at Alba Craft included general and developmental machining of threaded reactor fuel slugs for use at the Savannah River Site. Subsequent production-scale operations consisted of hollow drilling and turning of slugs for the Savannah River and Hanford plutonium-production reactors.
OH Associated Aircraft Tool and Manufacturing Co. Fairfield AWE/DOE - 1956 - From February to September 1956, Associate Aircraft Tool and Manufacturing Company machined hollow uranium slugs for the Hanford and Savannah River plutonium-production reactors under a subcontract from National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald).
OH B & T Metals Columbus AWE/DOE - 1943 - During the early stages of nuclear weapons production, uranium reactor fuel was produced by a variety of metallurgical techniques including extrusion, casting, and machining. In February 1943, DuPont, acting as an agent of the Manhattan Engineer District, contracted B&T Metals to extrude rods from uranium metal billets for the Hanford reactor in Washington State. B&T Metals extruded an estimated 50 tons of uranium between March 1943 and August 1943.
OH Baker Brothers Toledo AWE/DEL - 1943-1944 - Between June 1943 and July 1944, DuPont and the University of Chicago subcontracted the Baker Brothers company to machine roll metal rods into uranium slugs that were used for fuel in the world's first production reactors located in Oak Ridge, TN and Hanford, WA.
OH Battelle Columbus Laboratories Columbus AWE - AWE 1943-1986; BE 1943-1961; DOE 1986-2000 - From 1943 to 1986, Battelle Memorial Institute performed atomic energy research and development as well as beryllium work for the Department of Energy and its predecessor agencies. The Battelle Laboratories have two separate locations in Columbus - King Avenue and West Jefferson. Battelle's research supported the government's fuel and target fabrication program, including fabrication of uranium and fuel elements, reactor development, submarine propulsion, fuel reprocessing, and the safe use of reactor vessels and piping.
OH Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus AWE/BE/DOE
OH Beryllium Production Plant (Brush) Luckey BE/DOE - BE 1949-1959; DOE 1949-1961 - From 1942 through 1945, National Lead operated a magnesium processing facility on the Luckey site for the U.S. government. In 1949, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) built a beryllium production facility at the site. The government built the plant to replace the production that was lost when the Brush Beryllium Lorain plant was destroyed by fire. The Brush Beryllium Company (now Brush Wellman) under contract to the AEC, produced beryllium pebbles at this site until 1958. Records indicate that the facility produced between 40,000 and 144,000 pounds of beryllium. In 1959, the AEC contracted with Brush to close down the facility. The site was sold to the Vulcan Materials Company in 1961. In 1951, AEC sent approximately 1,000 tons of radioactively contaminated scrap metal to the Luckey site. This material was to be used by the Diamond Magnesium Company to resume magnesium processing at the idle facility.
OH Brush Beryllium Co. Cleveland AWE/BE - 1942-1943 & 1949-1953 - The Brush Cleveland facility conducted research on a process for producing uranium metal (1942-1943) through magnesium reduction of molten green salt (uranium tetrafloride). The facility later conducted research and development with uranium (1949-1953) and extruded thorium billets into slugs which were placed in Hanford production reactors (1952-1953). The Brush Cleveland facility also produced beryllium metal and beryllium oxide for the MED (1943-1946) and later for the AEC (1947-1965?).
OH Brush Beryllium Co. Elmore AWE/BE - 1957-2001 - Brush Beryllium plant in Elmore, OH, was built in 1953. It began producing beryllium for the AEC in 1957 after operations at the Brush Luckey, OH, facility ended. (Prior to 1957 it produced beryllium for the commercial market only.) The plant supplied beryllium to the Y-12 plant in 1990 and Brush purchase orders show that shipments from its Elmore location continued to Los Alamos and Sandia through April 2001.
OH Brush Beryllium Co. Loraine AWE/BE - 1949-1950 - The Lorain plant produced beryllium metal and beryllium oxide for the MED and the AEC. The plant was destroyed by fire in 1948.
OH Cincinnati Milling Machine Co. Cincinnati AWE - 1963 - The Cincinnati Milling Machine Co. built electro-chemical machining units. In September 1963, the company tested the feasibility of electro-chemical machining of uranium.
OH Clifton Products Co. Clifton BE
OH Clifton Products Co. Painesville BE - 1942-1952 - Clifton had at least six large contracts with the AEC to supply beryllium products. By 1949, at least 8 beryllium-related deaths had occurred at Clifton.
OH Copperweld Steel Warren AWE - 1943-1946 - The Copperweld Steel Company of Warren, Ohio, straightened and outgassed a large number of uranium rods for the Hanford and Oak Ridge reactors between May and August of 1943.
OH Du Pont-Grasselli Research Laboratory Cleveland AWE - 1943-1945 - The Grasselli Laboratory participated in the development the slug canning and coating processes for the Hanford site.
OH Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. Quapaw BE - 1988-1996 - Eagle-Picher's Quapaw, Oklahoma plant machined beryllium-alloy parts for the DOE's Y-12 facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, during the 1980s and the 1990s.
OH Extrusion Plant Ashtabula DOE - 1962-. - From 1962 to 1988, Ashtabula (formerly known as Reactive Metals, Inc.) received uranium billets from Fernald's Feed Materials Production Center and the Weldon Springs Plant and extruded them into feed stock for fabrication of fuel and target elements to be used in nuclear materials production reactors. In 1988, the need for Cold War weapons production diminished and the DOE began closing the Extrusion Plant. By April of 1993 the DOE and RMI had formed a partnership to clean the site as part of decontamination and decommissioning. The DOE contracted with RMI Environmental Services (RMIES), a division of the RMI Titanium Company, to manage the cleanup project. RMIES has since changed its name to EARTHLINE Technologies. Reactive Metals Inc. of Ashtabula, Ohio was the corporate successor of the Bridgeport Brass Company of Adrian, Michigan, which performed similar extrusion work from 1954 to 1961. The semi-production extrusion press used at Adrian was transported and installed at Ashtabula. In addition to its work for the Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessor agencies, Ashtabula performed work for the Department of Defense and a number of commercial entities under a Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) license.
OH Feed Materials Production Center Fernald DOE - 1951-. - The Feed Materials Production Center (FMPC) at the Fernald site was established by AEC in 1951 to convert depleted uranium, natural uranium, and low-enriched uranium compounds into uranium metal and to fabricate uranium metal into feed stock for fuel and target elements for reactors that produced weapons-grade plutonium and tritium. The Fernald Plant, operated by National Lead of Ohio (NLO), along with the Weldon Spring Plant in Missouri, were feed materials plants built by the AEC in the 1950s to supply fuel to the increasing number of nuclear reactors located at Hanford and Savannah River. Production operations at the Fernald site continued until July 10, 1989, when they were suspended by the Department of Energy (DOE). DOE formally shut down the facility on June 19, 1991. During its production mission, the Fernald site produced over 225 million kilograms (500 million pounds) of high-purity uranium products to support United States defense initiatives. Contraactors: Fluor Fernald (1992-present); Westinghouse (1985-1992); National Lead of Ohio (1951-1985)
OH General Electric Company Cincinnati/Evendale AWE/BE/DOE - BE 1951-1970; DOE 1961-1970 - The Evendale Plant's major mission is to build aircraft engines. The AEC used this facility to work with a variety of radioactive materials, including uranium and thorium. This facility was also involved in the refining or fabrication of beryllium or beryllium oxide.
OH Gruen Watch Norwood AWE - 1956 - The Gruen Watch Co. conducted cold shaving and stamping and hot stamping washer tests for National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald) in May and June 1956.
OH Harshaw Chemical Co. Cleveland AWE - 1942-1955; Residual Radiation 1956-October 2009 - Harshaw Chemical of Cleveland, Ohio refined black oxide and sodium diuranate to orange oxide and then to brown oxide for the Manhattan Project during World War II. The final result was a "green salt", which the Manhattan Project used to produce uranium hexafluoride for enrichment into weapons grade fuel for nuclear weapons at the gaseous diffusion plants. Harshaw also produced uranium hexafloride during the war and this production activity was expanded in 1947. Harshaw production was reduced in 1951 and by May of 1953 the green salt plant was dismantled and the hexafluoride plant was placed on standby. The contract for removal of AEC equipment continued until September 30, 1955. This designation is limited to the Harshaw facility located at 1000 Harvard Avenue, Cleveland and generally referred to as the Harvard-Denison plant. Harshaw Chemical Company was acquired by Kewaunee Oil Company in 1964. Kewaunee Oil was then acquired by the Gulf Oil Company in 1976. Kaiser Chemical Company acquired Harshaw interests in 1982.
OH Herring-Hall Marvin Safe Co. Hamilton AWE/DOE - 1943-1951; Residual Radiation 1952-1993; - Intermittently from the 1943 to 1951, the Herring-Hall-Marvin Safe Company machined natural uranium metal slugs from rolled stock under subcontract to DuPont and the University of Chicago.
OH Horizons, Inc. Cleveland AWE - 1952-1956; Residual Radiation 1957-October 2009 - Starting in 1952, Horizons, Inc. was under contract with the AEC for the production of granular thorium metal and conducted some thorium research work for Savannah River.
OH Kettering Laboratory, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati BE - 1947 - 1950 - The AEC funded a Kettering Laboratory researcher's investigation of the biological effects of beryllium and its compounds. Kettering was also working on analytical methodology for beryllium for the AEC.
OH Magnus Brass Co. Cincinnati AWE - 1954-1957 - The site machined various forms of uranium metal under subcontract to the National Lead Company (Fernald). The work was performed at two locations: Reading Road (from December 1954 through November 1955) and West 7th Street (from December 1955 through December 1957).
OH McKinney Tool and Manufacturing Co. Cleveland AWE - 1944 - Between May and August of 1944, McKinney Tool & Manufacturing of Cleveland, Ohio, turned and ground unbonded slugs to provide fuel for the first nuclear reactors, including the three Chicago piles; the Oak Ridge X-10 reactor; and the Hanford B, D, and F production reactors and 305 test pile.
OH Mitchell Steel Co. Cincinnati AWE - 1954 - In 1954, Mitchell Steel Company may have participated in the machining of a sample lot of four hollow extrusion uranium billets from ingots for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald)
OH Monsanto Chemical Co. Dayton AWE - In 1943, the Manhattan Engineer District (MED) began the Dayton Project to investigate the chemistry and metallurgy of polonium. Monsanto was chosen for the project because of its earlier work at its Scioto Research Laboratory (also in Dayton). Work for the MED was initially performed at Monsanto’s facility on Nicholas Road in 1943 (Unit I). As the project expanded, it moved into a location on West First Street (Unit III) with all operations being transferred to Unit III by October 1944. By 1944 it was clear that even this space was inadequate, and so the former Runnymeade Playhouse was converted to a laboratory and referred to as Unit IV, to be operated in conjunction with Unit III. When space became too tight in the combined areas of Units III an IV, preparations were made to move the operations to the present day Mound facility in Miamisburg. Processing began at Mound in February 1949 and shortly thereafter Units III and IV were dismantled and decontaminated.
OH Mound Plant Miamisburg DOE - 1947-. - In 1943, the Manhattan Engineer District began the Dayton Project to investigate the chemistry and metallurgy of polonium. Between 1943 and 1948, this work was performed at locations around Dayton, all of which turned out to e too small for the job. As such, the Mound Plant was constructed in 1947 in Miamisburg, Ohio to replace these earlier laboratories. Mound was first occupied in May 1948 and became operational February 1949. The Mound Plant's first mission was to manufacture polonium-beryllium initiators for atomic weapons. As part of this process, the site extracted polonium-210 from irradiated bismuth slugs and machined beryllium parts. Mound stopped producing initiators after the Pinellas Plant in Florida began producing accelerator-type neutron generators in 1957. In 1954, Mound began developing and producing weapons components containing tritium, and in 1969, the plant began recovering and purifying tritium from dismantled nuclear weapons. During the 1950s and 1960s the Mound Plant also developed and produced a variety of nonnuclear weapons components including detonators, cable assemblies, firing sets, ferroelectric transducers, and explosive timers. In 1995, Mound discontinued weapons component production. The Mound Plant has also performed nonweapons work. The site developed and manufactured radioisotope thermal generators and conducted research in the following areas: radioactive waste decontamination; the properties of uranium, protactinium-231, and plutonium-239; and separation of stable isotopes and noble gases. Mound continues to produce thermal generators which are used for remote power applications including space probes.
OH Painesville Site (Diamond Magnesium Co.) Painesville AWE/DOE
OH Piqua Organic Moderated Reactor Piqua DOE 1963-1969 - From 1963 to 1966, the Piqua Nuclear Power Facility was operated as a demonstration project by the City of Piqua. The facility contained a 45.5-megawatt (thermal) organically cooled and moderated reactor. In 1966, the AEC discontinued facility operations and terminated its contract with the city. The AEC dismantled and decommissioned the reactor between 1967 and 1969.
OH Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant Piketon DOE - 1952-1988
OH R. W. Leblond Machine Tool Co. Cincinnati AWE - 1961 - National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald) contracted with Leblond Machine for the purchase of a rapid boring machine. In 1961, acceptances tests, using 17 tons of natural uranium, were conducted at Leblond Machine.
OH Tech-Art, Inc. Milford AWE - 1952 - In 1952, National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald) used Tech-Art to grind inserts as part of a study of Firth Sterling HF carbide profile inserts in conjunction with the machining development program. Additional documentation shows that Tech-Art possessed a subcontract with NLO for "[m]achine shop operations on Government owned materials at prescribed hourly rates of pay."
OH Tocco Induction Heating Div. Cleveland AWE - 1967-1968 - Tocco had a contract with National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) to develop induction heating coil equipment for heating uranium fuel cores. Tocco performed operational tests of these units at its Ohio facility, which took place during 1967-1968. The company received 2000 pounds of natural uranium machined fuel cores and 5600 pounds of depleted uranium machined fuel cores from NLO for testing.
OH Vulcan Tool Co. Dayton AWE - 1959 - At the request of National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald), Vulcan Tool Company conducted experiments involving the cutting of normal uranium slugs and tubes on a Brehm cutter in October 1959.
OK Kerr-McGee Guthrie AWE - 1963-1973; Residual Radiation 1974-October 2009 - Kerr-McGee processed uranium for the AEC as part of the nuclear weapons production process. The Recycled Uranium reports show material being shipped from Kerr-McGee to both Fernald and Savannah River.
OR Albany Research Center Albany AWE/DOE - 1987-1993 (remediation) & 1995-present - The Albany Research Center became part of the Department of Energy in 1995. In 2004 residual beryllium contamination associated with historic beryllium use at Albany Research Center was identified.
OR Wah Chang Albany AWE - 1971-1972 - In 1971 and 1972, Wah Chang was subcontracted to Union Carbide Corporation to melt uranium-bearing materials for the Oak Ridge Y-12 plant.
PA Aeroprojects, Inc. West Chester AWE - 1951-1973; Residual Radiation 1974-1976 - Beginning in 1951, Aeroprojects Inc. performed research and development for the AEC. The company's work included investigation of the use of ultrasonic energy in the areas of instrumentation, welding, filling of tubes with powders, extrusion, solidification and cleaning. Materials used by the company include alloys and compounds of aluminum, beryllium, mercury, thorium and uranium.
PA Aliquippa Forge Aliquippa AWE/DOE - 1947-1950; Residual Radiation 1951-1987; 1989-1992 - In the late 1940s, Aliquippa Forge (previously Vulcan Crucible) was a supplier of rolled uranium rods usedin Hanford's reactors. The AEC operated a rolling mill, two furnaces and cutting and extrusion equipment at Vulcan. Work at the site ended in 1950.
PA Aluminum Co. of America (Alcoa) New Kensington AWE - 1943-1945; Residual Radiation 1946-1991 - The Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) site in New Kensington, Pennsylvania was one of 14 facilities in the early 1940s that produced nuclear fuel for the X-10 pilot plant reactor in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and the production reactors at Hanford, Washington. Alcoa used a unique welding process to "can" and seal uranium slugs produced by these other facilities.
PA Babcock & Wilcox Parks Township AWE
PA Beryllium Corp. of America Hazleton BE - 1957-1979 - The Manhattan Engineer District and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) contracted with the facility for the production of beryllium metal, beryllium oxide, and beryllium powder. The AEC contracted with the facility for the refining and fabrication of beryllium. Later the facility produced beryllium blanks for the Y-12 plant and Dow (Rocky Flats).
PA Beryllium Corp. of America Reading BE - 1943 -1979 - In 1947, the Beryllium Corporation plant at Reading produced highly distilled and pure beryllium oxide on a small scale for the AEC. By 1960, the plant focused on alloy and oxide work. In 1961, the plant supplied beryllium parts to the Y-12 plant and produced beryllium powder for the AEC from government inventory beryllium ingots.
PA Birdsboro Steel & Foundry Birdsboro AWE - 1951-1952 - n 1951, eight assorted uranium billets weighing a total of 346 pounds, originating at Birdsboro, were received by the AEC's Lake Ontario Ordnance Works. In 1952, Birdsboro received 11.5 pounds of uranium wafers for processing.
PA C.H. Schnoor Springdale AWE/DOE - 1943-1951 - In 1943, C.H. Schnorr & Company began providing metal fabrication services in support of Manhattan Engineer District (MED) operations. C.H. Schnorr machined extruded uranium for the Hanford Pile Project.
PA Carnegie Institute of Technology Pittsburgh AWE - 1942-1946 - During the Manhattan Project, Carnegie Institute of Technology was key participant in research on the phases of special metals and their alloys. It also worked on the development of methods for testing materials of construction and the construction of “necessary equipment.”
PA Carnegie Mellon Cyclotron Facility Saxonburg AWE
PA Carpenter Steel Co. Reading AWE - 1943-1944 - Beginning in 1943, Carpenter Steel Corporation was one of the 14 private contractors and vendors that produced fuel for the Oak Ridge X-10 pilot plant reactor and the full-scale Hanford production reactors. As an alternative to extrusion, the Carpenter Steel Company of Reading, Pennsylvania experimented with rolled uranium rods in July 1944, but these proved to be inferior to the extruded product. The metal tended to form laps and seams on the surfaces of the rolled bars. Carpenter Steel has since changed its name to Carpenter Technology Corporation.
PA Chambersburg Engineering Co. Chambersburg AWE - 1957 - In March 1957, a series of hot uranium forging tests were conducted at the Chambersburg Engineering company by the Metallurgical Department of National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald)
PA Foote Mineral Co. East Whiteland Twp. AWE - BE 1947; AWE 1942-1948 - Foote Mineral had a pilot plant at its East Whiteland Township location which processed monazite sands. Monazite sands are known to have a very high thorium content. Because the AEC needed fairly large quantities of thorium, they were very interested in different methods of extracting it from monazite sands. Foote Mineral Company was also a major importer of beryl ore from Brazil. Under contract to the Atomic Energy Commission, Foote Mineral Company procured 500 tons of beryl ore in 1947.
PA Frankford Arsenal Philadelphia AWE
PA Heppenstall Co. Pittsburgh AWE - 1955; Residual Radiation 1956-1989 - Under contract to the Mallinckrodt Chemical Co., the site was used to heat, press and water quench uranium "dingots". Approximately 100,000 pounds of normal uranium metal was shaped at Heppenstall over about a 6-month period.
PA Jessop Steel Co. Washington AWE - 1950-1954 - In the early and mid 1950s, the Jessop Steel Company was under contract to the AEC for metal fabrication with some work through DuPont. In the early 1950s, records indicate that uranium metal in nickel scrap was sent to Jessop to make stainless steel piping for Fernald. In 1954, tentative plans were made for Jessop to roll uranium for Fernald billet production.
PA Koppers Co., Inc. Pittsburgh AWE - 1956-1957; Residual Radiation 1958-1996 - In conjunction with the Kennecott Copper Co., Koppers conducted pilot plant tests for the production of uranium hexafluoride. In 1956, Koppers was licensed receive 2000 pounds of refined source material for use in studies toward the preparation of uranium dioxide for reactor fuel elements and 6,150 pounds of refined source material for use in research and pilot plant investigations on feed material processing. In October 1957, they were authorized to receive 110 pounds of normal uranium hexafluoride. Most of the research works appears to have taken place at the Koppers Research Department in Verona, PA.
PA Landis Machine Tool Co. Waynesboro AWE - 1952 - In 1952, National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) personnel performed tests involving the machining of uranium slugs at Landis Machine Tool Company.
PA McDaniel Refractory Co. Beaver Falls BE - 1942-1949 - The Manhattan District History indicates that the McDanel Refractory was used to fabricate oddly shaped beryllium crucibles or beryllium crucible stopper rods for the Manhattan Project.
PA Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corp. Apollo AWE/BE - BE 1960-1968; AWE 1957-1983 - The Nuclear Material and Equipment Company (NUMEC) began operations at the Apollo and Parks Township facilities in the late 1950s. The Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) purchased the stock of NUMEC in 1967. In 1971, Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) purchased NUMEC and is the current owner of the Apollo and Parks Township facilities. NUMEC processed unirradiated uranium scrap for the AEC in the 1960s. This facility also provided enriched uranium to the naval reactors program and included a plutonium plant, plutonium plant storage area, highly enriched uranium fuel facility, metals and hafnium complex and a uranium hexafluoride storage area. The facility also fabricated plutonium-beryllium neutron sources. The B&W Apollo facility ceased manufacturing nuclear fuel in 1983.
PA Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corp. Parks Township AWE/BE - BE 1960-1968; AWE 1957-1980 - The Nuclear Material and Equipment Company (NUMEC) began operations at the Apollo and Parks Township facilities in the late 1950s. The Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) purchased the stock of NUMEC in 1967. In 1971, Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) purchased NUMEC and is the current owner of the Apollo and Parks Township facilities. The primary function of the NUMEC Parks Township facility was the fabrication of plutonium fuel, the preparation of high-enriched uranium fuel, and the production of zirconium/hafnium bars. The Parks Township facility ceased fuel fabrication activities in 1980.
PA Penn Salt Co. Philadelphia AWE - 1953-1956 - Pennsylvania Salt experimented with samples of fluoride containing byproducts from AEC operations to determine if they could be used for hydrogen fluoride production or to extract uranium from the material.
PA Philadelphia Naval Yard Philadelphia AWE
PA Shippingport Atomic Power Plant Shippingport DOE - 1984-1995 - Shippingport Atomic Power Station, located in Shippingport, Pennsylvania, was one of the first large-scale nuclear power plants in the world. Naval Nuclear Propulsion program.
PA Superior Steel Co. Carnegie AWE - 1952-1957 - Superior Steel produced uranium strip and rolled uranium slabs for use by the Savannah River Laboratory. In 1955, for example, they hot rolled twenty-five tons of uranium into strip.
PA U.S. Steel Co., National Tube Division McKeesport AWE 1959-1960 - Tests at the Christy Park Works, National Tube Division of the U. S. Steel Corporation, conducted in 1959 and 1960, demonstrated that rotary piercing of uranium was possible. The tests were conducted for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald).
PA Vitro Manufacturing Cannonsburg AWE/BE - 1942-1959 - Starting in 1948, Vitro was under contract to recover uranium from scrap. In the period from 1954-1956, Vitro had a contract to process production quantities of radioactive material (UF4) for National Lead of Ohio (Fernald). Vitro continued to provide uranium to the Atomic Energy Commission under various contracts through 1959. Canonsburg was a major uranium milling facility and although the EEOICPA definition of an Atomic Weapons Employer excludes mining and milling, this site is covered because of its scrap processing activities performed under contract to the Atomic Energy Commission. A 1948 document indicates that General Electric shipped scrap containing beryllium to the Canonsburg site. The Canonsburg site is one of 24 former uranium mill sites designated for Department of Energy remediation by the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRA).
PA Westinghouse Atomic Power Development Plant East Pittsburgh AWE - 1942 -1944 - Westinghouse prepared uranium metal for Enrico Fermi's Stagg Field experiment and conducted development and pilot-scale production of uranium oxide fuel elements.
PA Westinghouse Nuclear Fuels Division or Westinghouse Commercial Manufacturing Cheswick AWE - 1971-1972 - The Westinghouse Nuclear Fuels Division received shipments of nuclear materials from the AEC nuclear weapons complex in 1971 and 1972. The Cheswick site received a shipment of enriched uranium from the AEC’s Fernald plant in 1971. It also received a shipment of plutonium in 1972 from the West Valley facility. This plutonium originated out of Hanford. Because this material came from the nuclear weapons complex, the site qualifies as an Atomic Weapons Employer for these years.
PR BONUS Reactor Plant Punta Higuera DOE - 1964-1968 - The Boiling Nuclear Superheat Reactor (BONUS) was licensed from April 2, 1964 to June 1, 1968. Full power operation began in late 1965 and stopped in July 1967. The plant was Atomic Energy Commission/Department of Energy owned; it was not regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Plutonium has been recovered from reactor fuel.
PR Puerto Rico Nuclear Center Mayaguez DOE - 1957-1976 - The Puerto Rico Nuclear Center (also known as the Center for Energy and Environment Research) was established in 1957 as a nuclear training and research institution. The facility included a one megawatt MTR research reactor, which became operational in 1960. During the next ten years, the AEC supported training and research activities at an annual level of approximately $2 million. The MTR was shut down in 1971 and replaced a two megawatt TRIGA research reactor. Except for brief periods of time, TRIGA was never operated at power levels in excess of 1.2 megawatts. In 1976, the facility was renamed the Center for Energy and Environmental Research (CEER) and the mission was broadened to include research, development and training for both nuclear and non-nuclear energy technologies. The programs were transferred to the University of Puerto Rico at that time. The TRIAGA reactor was shut down on September 30, 1976 and a program for decommissioning and removal of the reactor was initiated. Contractors: University of Puerto Rico (1957-1976) , BNI(1987), Cleveland Wrecking Caribe, Inc. (1987).
RI C.I. Hayes, Inc. Cranston AWE - 1964 - In 1964, C.I. Hayes Inc. handled uranium metal under subcontract to the National Lead Company.
SC Savannah River Site Aiken DOE - 1950-. - From 1950 until the late 1980s, the Savannah River Site conducted multiple operations that played a vital role in the U.S. nuclear weapons complex. Of greatest importance were the production of plutonium and tritium. Many facilities were built at SRS to support these production efforts and to address their resulting environmental impacts. They include five nuclear reactors, two chemical separation plants (also known as canyons), a nuclear fuel and target fabrication facility, a heavy water plant, and waste management facilities. In addition, SRS is the location of the Savannah River Technology Center and the Savannah River Ecology Laboratory. SRS remains a key Department of Energy facility with an important national security mission of maintaining the nation's nuclear weapons stockpile and ensuring future production capabilities. Throughout the course of its operations, the potential for beryllium exposure existed at this site, due to beryllium use, residual contamination, and decontamination activities. Contractors: Westinghouse Savannah River Company (1989-present); E. I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company (1950-1989)
SD Ore Buying Station at Edgemont Edgemont DOE - 1952-1956 - The ore buying station at Edgemont purchased uranium ore for the AEC. The American Smelting and Refining Company (ASRC) managed and operated the Edgemont station from November 1952 to January 1956. Lucius Pitkin replaced ASRC as the M&O contractor in February 1956. The Mines Development Corporation purchased the ore buying station on July 12, 1956. Contractors: American Smelting and Refining Company (1952-1956); and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956).
Tennessee Clarksville Facility Clarksville DOE - 1949-1967 - The Clarksville Modification Center was established in 1958 for the purpose of testing and modifying the components of nuclear weapons. The Center was located near Clarksville, TN, on a corner of the Ft. Campbell, KY, military reservation. Prior to 1958 some buildings were used by the AEC for storage. The Clarksville Modification Center was closed in September 1965 and its functions were transferred to Pantex and Burlington. In 1967 the AEC surrendered control of the area back to the Army. Contractors: Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason (1958-1965); Sandia Corporation was the storage contractor (1949-1967)
TN Manufacturing Sciences Corporation Tennessee BE - 1992-1994 - Manufacturing Sciences Corporation performed beryllium work for Los Alamos National Laboratory.
TN Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant (K-25) Oak Ridge DOE - 1943-1987; 1988-. - The K-25 gaseous diffusion plant at East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP) was built as part of the World War II Manhattan Project to supply enriched uranium for nuclear weapons production. Construction of the ETTP started in 1943 with the ETTP Building, the first diffusion facility for large-scale separation of uranium-235. The ETTP Building was fully operable by August 1945. Additional buildings involved in the enrichment process were operable by 1956. Along with the plants in Paducah, KY, and Portsmouth, OH, the site was used primarily for the production of highly-enriched uranium for nuclear weapons until 1964. From 1959 to 1969, focus shifted to the production of commercial-grade, low-enriched uranium. In 1985, declining demand for enriched uranium caused the enrichment process to be placed on standby. In 1987, the process was stopped permanently. The ETTP was also a host for centrifuge facilities constructed as part of a program to develop and demonstrate uranium-enrichment technology. These facilities have also been shut down. Contractors: URS/CH2M Oak Ridge LLC (UCOR)(2011-present); Bechtel Jacobs (1998–2011); Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. (1994-1998); Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. (1984-1994); Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. (1943-1984)
TN Oak Ridge Hospital Oak Ridge DOE - 1943-1959 - Originally a US Army Hospital for the Manhattan Project workers, this facility was operated for the AEC by Roane-Anderson Co. In 1959, ownership of the hospital was privatized and its operation taken over by the Oak Ridge Hospital of the Methodist Church.
TN Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education Oak Ridge DOE - 1946-. - Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) was established in 1946 to manage the Oak Ridge Institute for Nuclear Studies (ORINS). It is a private, not-for-profit consortium of 88 colleges and universities with a mission to provide and develop capabilities critical to the nation's technology infrastructure, particularly in the areas of energy, education, health, and the environment. In 1966, ORINS became known by the name of the operating contractor, ORAU. In the early 1990s, the name was changed to ORISE, the Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education. The South Campus Facility was originally established to study accidental irradiation of cattle during testing of the first atomic bomb near Alamogordo, New Mexico. This facility was also known as the Agricultural Research Laboratory and Farm and then as the Comparative Animal Research Laboratory (CARL). It was operated by the University of Tennessee for the Atomic Energy Commission until it was assigned to ORAU and ORISE in 1981.
TN Oak Ridge National Laboratory (X-10) Oak Ridge DOE - 1943-. - During the Manhattan project, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) site was used by the University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory to construct the first pile semiworks - a test plant that would move the plutonium product process from the research stage to large scale production. DuPont began construction of the test pile, the X-10 reactor in March 1943 and was ready for operations by January 1944. A research facility designated as the Clinton Laboratories was built during the war to support X-10 reactor activities and included chemistry, health and engineering divisions. After the war, the laboratory was transformed from a war production facility to a nuclear research center and changed its name to Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1948. The Laboratory's research role in the development of nuclear weapons decreased over time, but the scope of its work expanded to include production of isotopes, fundamental hazardous and radioactive materials research, environmental research, and radioactive waste disposal. Throughout the course of its operations, the potential for beryllium exposure existed at this site, due to beryllium use, residual contamination, and decontamination activities.Contractors: University of Chicago (1943-1945); Monsanto Chemical (1945-1947); Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. (1948-1984); Martin Marietta Energy Systems (1984-1994); Lockheed Martin Energy Research Corp. (1994-1998); UT Battelle (2000-present)
TN Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) Oak Ridge DOE - 1957-. - The Office of Scientific and Technical lnformation was created to serve as a federal government repository for all technical reports pertaining to the Department of Energy and its predecessor agencies.
TN S-50 Oak Ridge Thermal Diffusion Plant Oak Ridge DOE - The S-50 Plant at Oak Ridge was constructed in 1944 to enrich uranium feed material for the Y-12 electromagnetic facility using a liquid thermal diffusion process. The process was originally developed at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC, and tested on a pilot plant level at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. Located near the K-25 gaseous diffusion facility, the S-50 Plant operated for a limited period during 1944-1945. The plant was closed in September 1945 because the thermal diffusion process was not as efficient as the gaseous diffusion. The S-50 plant was reopened in 1946 as part of the joint Air Force/AEC project to investigate the possibility of developing a nuclear-powered airplane. This project, known as Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft (NEPA), was housed at S-50 and the contractor was the Fairchild Engine and Aircraft Corporation. Fairchild's NEPA Division at S-50 conducted a number of experiments involving beryllium powder during the time period 1946-1951.
TN Vitro Corp. of America Chattanooga AWE/BE - BE 1959-1965; AWE 1957- 1968 - Records indicate that "Vitro Corporation" of Chattanooga, TN performed some beryllium work for Y-12 during the period 1959-1965. A 1962 document also mentions that the AEC met with members of the beryllium industry, including representatives from "Vitro Chemical" (no address), but does not mention whether any contracts were involved in these discussions. The original owner of this site was Heavy Metals Inc. and possessed an AEC license to process uranium and thorium products beginning as early as 1957. Documentation indicates that the company provided price quotes to the AEC for thorium products as early as 1954, but there is no indication that it received a contract for that work. Vitro Chemical of Chattanooga, TN, a subsidiary of Vitro Corporation, took over the site at the end of 1959 and was under contract to the AEC to produce thorium metal, thorium fluoride and thorium oxide. The current owner, W.R. Grace, purchased the site in 1965 and continued operations until 1983, but records do not reveal any weapons-based link after 1968. The State of Tennessee took over licensing of this site in 1968.
TN W. R. Grace Erwin AWE - 1958-1970 - The Davison Chemical Division of W.R. Grace Co. (later Nuclear Fuel Services) processed unirradiated uranium scrap for the AEC, recovering enriched uranium from it for use in the nuclear weapons complex. Correspondence from 1963 also indicates that the company also worked with thorium, which was associated with their work for the civilian nuclear reactor industry and the naval reactors program.
TN Y-12 Plant Oak Ridge DOE - 1942-. - Built in a rural section of East Tennessee, the Y-12 National Security Complex, previously known as the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant, was part of the Manhattan Project. Its job was to process uranium for the first atomic bomb. Construction of Y-12 started in February 1943; enriched uranium production started in November of the same year. Construction, however, was not entirely finished until 1945.The first site mission was the separation of uranium-235 from natural uranium by the electromagnetic separation process. The magnetic separators were taken out of commission at the end of 1946 when gaseous diffusion became the accepted process for enriching uranium. Since World War II, the number of buildings at Y-12 has doubled. Its missions have included uranium enrichment, lithium enrichment, isotope separation and component fabrication. For more than 50 years, Y-12 has been one of the DOE weapons complex’s premier manufacturing facilities. Every weapon in the stockpile has some components manufactured at the Y-12 National Security Complex. Contractors: BWXT (2000-present); Lockheed Martin Energy Systems (1994-2000); Martin Marietta Energy Systems (1984-1994); Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. (1947-1984); Tennessee Eastman Corp. (TEC) (1943-1947)
TX AMCOT Forth Worth AWE - 1961-1962 - The American Manufacturing Company of Texas (AMCOT) conducted specialized tube elongation and billet piercing tests on uranium metal for National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald). The tube elongation tests were conducted from July to September 1961 and involved approximately 7 tons of uranium. The billet piercing tests were conducted from June to September 1962 and involved approximately 23 tons of uranium.
TX Mathieson Chemcial Co Pasadena AWE
TX Medina Facility San Antonio DOE - 1958-1966 - The Medina Modification Center was established in 1958 for component testing, modification, repairs, and refinements. It operated until the early spring of 1966, at which point its functions were transferred to Burlington and Pantex. Contractor: Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason (1958-1966).
TX Pantex Plant Amarillo DOE
TX Sutton, Steele and Steele Co. Dallas AWE - 1951; 1959 - In 1951, AEC and AEC contractor personnel conducted tests at Sutton, Steele, and Steele, Inc. which were aimed at devising means of recovering uranium from low grade wastes and residues. The tests were to determine the feasibility of separating fused dolomite from magnesium floride slag and uranium. In 1959, National Lead of Ohio (Fernald) personnel evaluated Sutton, Steele, and Steele's dry tabling equipment for the separation of normal uranium shot.
TX Texas City Chemicals, Inc. Texas City AWE - 1953-1955 - Texas City Chemicals produced uranium by recovery of U3O8 from a phosphate fertilizer production plant. The AEC contracted with Texas City Chemicals for the recovery of uranium which was ultimately used in weapons production.
UT The Mill at Moab Utah Moab DOE 2001-. - Under the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001, Congress authorized the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to manage and reclaim the former uranium-ore processing site near Moab, Utah, under Title I of the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act. DOE assumed ownership of the facility, now known as the Moab Project, on October 25, 2001. Currently, S.M. Stoller Corporation, under its prime contract with DOE, and its teaming partner MFG. Contractors: MACTEC-ERS (October 31, 2001, to July 2002); S.M. Stoller, MFG Corporation, and Battelle. (July, 2002 - present)
UT Uranium Mill in Monticello Monticello DOE - 1948-1960 - The AEC-owned processing mill at Monticello recovered uranium and vanadium from AEC-furnished ore. The Galigher Company became the Management and Operations (M&O) contractor for the mill in August 1949, one year after the AEC purchased it from the War Assets Administration. The National Lead Company, Inc., assumed responsibility for mill management and operations on April 1, 1956. The AEC shut down the mill and began decommissioning activities in 1960. Contractors: Galigher Company (1948-1956); and the National Lead Company, Inc. (1956-1960).
UT Ore Buying Station at Marysvale Marysvale DOE - 1950-1957 - The ore buying station at Marysvale purchased uranium ore for the AEC. The American Smelting and Refining Company (ASRC) managed and operated the Marysvale station from March 1950 to January 1956. Lucius Pitkin replaced ASRC as the M&O contractor in February 1956. The AEC leased the land on which the ore buying station sat from a private owner. Contractors: American Smelting and Refining Company (1950-1956); and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-1957).
UT Ore Buying Station at Moab Moab DOE - 1954-1960 - The ore buying station at Moab purchased uranium ore for the AEC. The American Smelting and Refining Company (ASRC) managed and operated the Moab station from May 1954 to January 1956. Lucius Pitkin replaced ASRC as the M&O contractor in February 1956. The AEC leased the site, which is located adjacent to a Uranium Reduction Company mill, from a private owner. A second ore buying station located on the property of the Uranium Reduction Company mill site is not covered under EEOICPA. Contractors: American Smelting and Refining Company (1954-1956); and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-1960).
UT Ore Buying Station at Monticello Monticello DOE - 1948-1962 - The ore buying station at Monticello purchased uranium ore for the AEC. The American Smelting and Refining Company (ASRC) managed and operated the Monticello station from 1948 to January 1956. Lucius Pitkin replaced ASRC as the M&O contractor in February 1956. The AEC purchased the site in 1948 from the War Assets Administration. Contractors: American Smelting and Refining Company (1948-1956); and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-1962).
UT Ore Buying Station at White Canyon White Canyon DOE - 1954-1957 - The ore buying station at White Canyon purchased uranium ore for the AEC. The American Smelting and Refining Company (ASRC) managed and operated the White Canyon station from October 1954 to January 1956. Lucius Pitkin replaced ASRC as the M&O contractor in February 1956. The AEC leased the land for the ore buying station from the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Contractors: American Smelting and Refining Company (1954-1956); and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-1957).
VA Babcock & Wilcox Co. Lynchburg AWE - 1959; 1968-1972 & 1985-2001 - Babcock and Wilcox Company's main plant at Mount Athos and the Lynchburg Research Center, also known as the Lynchburg Technology Center in Lynchburg, VA, performed work for a variety of Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and DOE projects. Babcock and Wilcox Company's Nuclear Facilities Plant in Lynchburg, VA, participated in the AEC's Oxide Pellet Fabrication Program, which was managed by the New York Operations Office. Records indicate that shipments of enriched uranium were made to and from the Fernald facility during the years 1968-1972. The company also recovered highly enriched uranium from weapons scrap received from the DOE's Oak Ridge facility between 1985 and 1996. In 1997 the Babcock & Wilcox Company facility in Lynchburg, VA became the BWX Technologies facility. From 1998 to 2000, the company fulfilled a contract for the recovery of enriched uranium from scrap materials containing beryllium. The Lynchburg plant also participated in a DOE-sponsored program called Project Sapphire, under which the plant had responsibility from 1995 to 2001 for downblending enriched uranium obtained from the government of Kazakhstan.
VA Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility Newport News DOE - 1994- - The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility is a basic research laboratory built to probe the nucleus of the atom to learn more about the quark structure of matter. Contractor: Southeastern Universities Research Association, Inc. (1994-present)
VA University of Virginia Charlottesville AWE - 1942-1949; 1960s - The University of Virginia played an integral role in developing the process to use uranium in the development in nuclear weapons. The Naval Research Laboratory asked Dr. Jesse Beams, of UVA, about the possibility to using isotope separation by centrifuge for the enrichment process of uranium. He was able to successfully enrich uranium by the use of his high-speed centrifuge. Later, the University of Virginia's Nuclear Reactor Facility, operated by the Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, housed the UVAR, a light-water-cooled and moderated research pool-type reactor which began operation in 1960 and ceased operations in 1998.
WA Hanford Richland DOE 1942-
WA Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland DOE - 1965-. - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's began in 1965 when Battelle won the contract to perform research and development for the Hanford Site. The Laboratory's first projects were based on the needs of the Hanford Site and included protecting the environment, fabricating reactor fuel, and designing reactors. These projects, staff expertise in diverse fields, and national needs led to research and development in several key areas: environment, health, energy, computer science, and security.
WI Allis-Chalmers Co. West Allis, Milwaukee AWE - 1943-1944 - Allis-Chalmers made vacuum pumps for the Y-12 plant effort. The company also wound magnetic coils for the "calutrons" used in the Y-12 plant to produce highly enriched uranium. In late 1943 General Groves ordered some partially-used coils be sent back to Allis-Chalmers for cleaning. Allis-Chalmers was also involved in the construction of the K-25 Plant.
WI Besley-Wells South Beloit AWE - 1953 - Besley was a cutting tool manufacturer. A National Lead Company of Ohio (Fernald) proposal indicates Besley was to machine a trial lot of 500 uranium slugs at its Beloit, WI, plant to evaluate whether the use of the Besley facing and radiusing machine could increase production.
WI General Electric X-Ray Division Milwaukee AWE - 1956-1966 - General Electric’s X-Ray Division performed research and development work which supported its activities as contractor for the Pinellas Site in Florida. This work included the operation of a small pilot plant in Milwaukee. Sandia National Laboratory managed the GE X-ray division contract as part of the nuclear weapons program. The work in Milwaukee continued until 1966 when these activities were transferred to Pinellas and the staff relocated accordingly.
WI LaCrosse Boiling Water Reactor LaCrosse DOE- 1967-1969 - The LaCrosse Boiling Water Reactor (LACBWR), now owned and operated by Dairyland Power Cooperative, was one of a series of demonstration plants funded by the Atomic Energy Commission along with commercial utilities.
WI Ladish Co. Cudahy BE - 1959-1965 - Ladish supplied beryllium metal and parts to the Y-12 plant.
WY Ore Buying Station at Crooks Gap, Ore Buying Station at Split Rock or Ore Buying Station at Jeffrey City Crooks Gap DOE - 1956-1957 - The ore buying station at Crooks Gap purchased uranium ore for the AEC. The Lucius Pitkin managed and operated the Crooks Gap station from December 1956 to July 1957. The AEC leased the land and equipment from a private company. Contractors: Lucius Pitkin, Inc.
WY Ore Buying Station at Riverton Riverton DOE - 1955-1957 - The ore buying station at Riverton purchased uranium ore for the AEC. The American Smelting and Refining Company (ASRC) managed and operated the Riverton station from March 1955 to January 1956. Lucius Pitkin replaced ASRC as the M&O contractor in February 1956. The AEC leased the land on which the ore buying station was located from a railroad. Contractors: American Smelting and Refining Company (1955-1956); and Lucius Pitkin, Inc. (1956-1957)
WV Huntington Pilot Plant Huntington AWE/DOE - 1951-1963; 1978-1979 - The AEC built the Huntington Pilot Plant in 1951 to supply nickel powder for use in the Paducah and Portsmouth gaseous diffusion plants. One source of the nickel was scrap nickel which was contaminated with uranium. The plant was shutdown in 1963 and maintained in standby condition. It was demolished in 1978-1979.

Litteratur

Cunningham, Larry D.: Beryllium - http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/beryllium/100798.pdf
DOE: Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Act of 2000; List of Covered Facilities, 2001.- 14 s..
Report on Residual Radioactive and Beryllium Contamination at Atomic Weapons Employer Facilities and Beryllium Vendor Facilities / Prepared by: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Compensation Analysis and Support, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 s..

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