Fredsakademiet: Freds- og sikkerhedspolitisk Leksikon A 372 : Alaska

Alaska

Geografi ; natur og klima ; demografi ; historie ; kultur ; musik ; politik ; politiske partier ; forsvar ; fredsbevægelser ; religion ; sociale forhold ; uddannelse ; økonomi og våbenhandel.

Geography, nature and climate, demographics, history, wars, culture, film, music, politics, defense, peace movements, religion, social issues, education, economy and arms trade.

Géographie, la nature, la démographie, histoire, la culture, la politique, la défense, les mouvements pacifistes, la religion, les questions sociales, l'éducation, économie.

Geografía, naturaleza, demografía, historia, cultura, política, defensa, movimientos por la paz, la religión, las cuestiones sociales, la educación, la economía

Geographie, Natur, Demographie, Geschichte, Kultur, Politik, Verteidigung, Friedensbewegungen, Religion, Soziales, Bildung, Wirtschaft.

Geografi: Russisk: Alaxsxaq / Det objekt [halvø], mod hvilket havets bevægelse er rettet. Amerikansk delstat med grænse til Canada og med kystlinjer til Det arktiske hav, Bering-strædet og Stillehavet.

Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World, 2010.
- http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386/
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386, Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World, contains 11 chapters designated by the letters A through K. Chapter A provides a comprehensive, yet concise, review of the "State of the Earth's Cryosphere at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Glaciers, Global Snow Cover, Floating Ice, and Permafrost and Periglacial Environments," and a "Map/Poster of the Earth's Dynamic Cryosphere," and a set of eight "Supplemental Cryosphere Notes" about the Earth's Dynamic Cryosphere and the Earth System. The next 10 chapters, B through K, are arranged geographically and present glaciological information from Landsat and other sources of historic and modern data on each of the geographic areas. Chapter B covers Antarctica; Chapter C, Greenland; Chapter D, Iceland; Chapter E, Continental Europe (except for the European part of the former Soviet Union), including the Alps, the Pyrenees, Norway, Sweden, Svalbard (Norway), and Jan Mayen (Norway); Chapter F, Asia, including the European part of the former Soviet Union, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan; Chapter G, Turkey, Iran, and Africa; Chapter H, Irian Jaya (Indonesia) and New Zealand; Chapter I, South America; Chapter J, North America (excluding Alaska); and Chapter K, Alaska. Chapters A–D each include map plates.

Natur:

Klima:

Assessment of the Potential Health Impacts of Climate Change in Alaska. / : Sarah Yoder. State of Alaska Epidemiology Bulletin January 8, 2018.
Mental Health and Wellbeing: Climate change can affect mental health by causing solastalgia, the distressing sense of loss that people experience as a result of unwanted environmental changes that occur close to one’s home, and associated pathologies including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder that can result from acute events such as fires, floods, and storm surges, and more protracted changes such as thawing permafrost and coastal erosion. These effects tend to disproportionately impact those living in low-resource settings, including indigenous groups. Psychosocial distress and its associated comorbidities will likely continue to increase in Alaska as communities experience unwanted changes in their environment.

Heat-hit Alaska baked: Temperature touched record mark. / : Countercurrents CollectiveJuly 8, 2019
The US state of Alaska, part of which lies inside the Arctic Circle, sweltered under a heatwave, with record temperatures recorded in several areas, including its largest city. The temperature rivaled temperatures in Miami
Temperatures reached 90 Fahrenheit (F) (32.2C) in Anchorage on Thursday, shattering the city’s all-time record-high temperature by 5 degrees. The previous record of 85F was set in 1969. It also shattered the daily record of 77 degrees for the Fourth of July, which had stood since 1999. Records in Anchorage date back to 1952.
Three cities in Alaska experienced record high temperatures on July 4. More than 100 active fires throughout the state of Alaska were reported.
Media reports said:
The temperature hit 90 degrees Fahrenheit (F) at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport. The previous record high temperature of 85 degrees F was set on June 14, 1969. The average high temperature for July 4 is 75 degrees F.
Other cities with records were Kenai and King Salmon. Both of the cities recorded temperatures of 89 degrees. Palmer tied its all-time record of 88 degrees.
The high temperatures and fire risk led to the Alaska State Fire Marshall’s office to suspend and ban the sales of fireworks due to hot, dry weather and “high to very high fire danger.”
The Swan Lake Fire had burned nearly 90,000 acres and was only 14% contained as of July 5. Twenty-three fires burned within the Upper Yukon Fire Management Zone as of July 5, which covers the eastern interior part of the state.
One expert told the Associated Press the high temperatures were the result of climate change.
“It's a weather story and it is an ongoing changing environment story as well as these kinds of extreme weather events become much more likely in a warming world,” said Rick Thoman, a climate specialist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks' Alaska Center for Climate Assessment and Policy.
A high-pressure ridge over much of south-central Alaska is responsible for the record temperatures. The current high-pressure system comes on top of previous warming and High Ocean temperatures. “Surface temperatures are above normal everywhere around Alaska,” Thoman said. “The entire Gulf of Alaska, in the Bering Sea, in the Chukchi Sea south of the ice edge, exceptionally warm waters, warmest on record, and of course record-low sea ice extent for this time of year off the north and northwest coasts of the state.”

Demografi:

Indvandring:
Udvandring:
Minoritetsgrupper: inuitter.

Historie: Oldtiden / Antiquity. Før Columbus:

Assessment of Cultural Heritage Monuments and Sites in the Arctic. / : Arctic Council's Sustainable Development Working Group, 2013.
- https://oaarchive.arctic-council.org/handle/11374/50

Den amerikanske regering købte Alaska af Rusland i 1867, og området optages som USA's delstat nummer 49 den 3. januar 1959.
Dele af Aleutian øerne var besat af Japan under Anden verdenskrig - MacGarrigle, George L.: Aleutian Islands: The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. U.S. Army Center of Military History, CMH Pub 72-6. ND - 28 s. - ISBN: 9780160358821
- http://archive.org/details/AleutianIslands
Militær: Alaskan Command
Tre underjordiske atomvåbenforsøg, ved Amchitka øen, 1965-1971. Oplysninger om forsøgene er stadig skjulte eller maskerede som klassificeret information, men Greeepeace konkluderer, at 'Cannikin atomprøvesprængningstedet på Amchitka, området for den største underjordiske atom-prøvesprængning i amerikansk historie er utæt. Elementer af radioaktivitet siver ud i Beringshavet via White Alice Creek / 'The Cannikin nuclear test site on Amchitka, the site of the largest underground nuclear test in U.S. history is leaking long-lived transuranic radioactivity into the Bering Sea via White Alice Creek. Two biological samples taken by Greenpeace researchers from White Alice Creek downgradient from Cannikin revealed the presence of americium-241, a beta decay product of plutonium-241. Americium-241 in the environmental samples indicates the presence of plutonium isotopes in the groundwater-surface water system at Amchitka. One of the two stream samples contained plutonium-239/-240. The plutonium-239 used to trigger the Cannikin fusion explosion (possibly 9-11 pounds of plutonium-239 2) was co-produced with plutonium-240 and plutonium-241 in a nuclear reactor designed to create weaponsgrade plutonium'.
The Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory's Thyroid Function Study
The Use of Native Alaskans in a Radiological Experiment
- http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/SEEJ/thyroid.html
'Between August and September of 1955, the U.S. Air Force's Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory in initiated a research project which included residents from the Inupiaq villages of Wainwright, Point Lay, and Anaktuvik Pass, and Athabascan Indian villages of Fort Yukon and Arctic Village. The purpose of this research was to study the role of the thyriod gland in acclimatization of humans to cold. The study used Iodine 131, a radioactive medical tracer to measure thyroid activity in 121 people - 102 Alaska Natives and 19 military personnel. In the early 1990s, serious questions were raised regarding the selection process of the participants; their understanding of the purpose of the research; and the risks involved. At the urging of the U. S. National Research Council, a Committee on Evaluation of the 1950s Air Force Human Health Testing in Alaska Using Radioactive Iodine 131 was formed in June of 1994. Its stated purpose was to address the questions raised above. Two years later the Committee's final report was published by the National Academy Press. The complete report comprising 177 pages can be downloaded from the National Academy Press web site. The book, published in 1996, is entitled: The Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory's Thyroid Function Study: A Radiological Risk and Ethical Analysis.'

Proejct Long Shot, 1965
Milrow 1969
Cannikin 1971

Aktuelle militære baser i Alaska

Clear Air Force Station, herunder NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command)
Eielson AFB
Elmendorf Air Force Base herunder Alaskan Command (ALCOM), Alaskan NORAD Region (ANR), Eleventh Air Force (11th AF) og the 3rd Wing.
Fort Greely Homes
Fort Greely, herunder US Army ABM launch site, Cold Regions Test Center og Allen Army Airfield
Fort Richardson Homes, National Guard og Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson.
Fort Wainwright herunder Northern Warfare Training Center
Kodiak Island eller Base Support Unit Kodiak
North Warning System, herunder DEW Line radaren i In Point Lay - se også DEW LINE Sites in Canada, Alaska & Greenland
- http://www.lswilson.ca/dewline.htm#I

VIDEO 6/5: What is Israel doing in Alaska?!
(By: The Peace Report) Israel will be testing their Arrow 3 weapons system, among other things, on Kodiak Island, Alaska in the summer of 2018. The Arrow 3 weapons system was funded and developed by both Israel and the United States. All amenities and resources will be provided for the Israeli military free of charge, paid for by American taxpayers. Kodiak has a long history of pollution from the Pentagon that they are still trying to clean up from WW2.

Se også: Distant Early Warning Line ; US High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program ; Ground-Based Midcourse Defense, Alaska ; Operation Windstorm.

Kultur:

Massemedier:

Tekst:

Radio:

Biblioteksvæsen / Libraries. Bogvæsen / Books:

Alaska Virtual Library and Digital Archives

Aviser / Newspapers / journaux / Prensa / Tageszeitungen

Tidsskrifter, periodica / Journals, periodicals / Revues spécialisées, périodiques / Revistas, publicaciones periódicas / Zeitschriften, Periodika

Litteratur:

Kunst / Art

The Alaska Journal of Art

Lost Heritage of Alaska: The Adventure and Art of the Alaskan Coastal Indians. Polly Miller and Leon Gordon Miller. Introduction Ernest Gruening.
- Cleveland and New York: The World Publishing Company, 1967.

Film / Movies / cinéma / Cine / Filme:

Filmhistorie:

Filmcensur:

Undervisning i film:

Producentselskaber:

Filmografier:

Tekst:

Musik:

Teater:

Politik

Lovgivende forsamling:

Valg / Elections:

Parlamentsvalg / Parliamentary elections:

Tekst:

Aktuelle og historiske politiske partier / Current and historical political parties

Lokalregering:

Parlament

Fredsbevægelser: / Peace movements / les mouvements pacifistes / movimientos por la paz / Friedensbewegungen

Sociale bevægelser, herunder miljøorganisationer / Social movements, including environmental organizations:

Religion: The Russian Orthodox Church of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands and its relation to Native American traditions : an attempt at a multicultural society, 1794-1912. / : Vyacheslav Ivanov; Washington : Library of Congress, 1997. - 66 s. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 48-59).

BNP, landbrug, fiskeri, industri.

Landbrug:

Naturresourcer: Naturgas ; sølv.

Energi, erhverv, handel og industri:

Våbenfabrikker, våbenhandel og våbentransporter / Weapon Factories, arms trade and -transport / Les fabriques d'armes, le commerce des armes et de transport:

Alabama ; Arizona ; Arkansas ; Californien ; Colorado ; Connecticut ; Delaware ; Florida ; Georgia ; Hawaii ; Idaho ; Illinois ; Indiana ; Iowa ; Kansas ; Kentucky ; Louisiana ; Maine ; Maryland ; Massachusetts ; Michigan ; Minnesota ; Mississippi ; Missouri ; Montana ; Nebraska ; Nevada ; New Hampshire ; New Jersey ; New Mexico ; New York ; North Carolina ; North Dakota ; Ohio ; Oklahoma ; Oregon ; Pennsylvania ; Rhode Island ; South Carolina ; South Dakota ; Tennessee ; Texas ; Utah ; Vermont ; Virginia ; Washington ; West Virginia ; Wisconsin ; Wyoming.

Litteratur

Alaska (1967).
National Archives - Alaska - National Security Council. Central Intelligence Agency. - This film is a documentary on the mineral wealth and public lands of Alaska, including the Indian tribes. - http://www.archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.649115
Consortium for Risk Evaluation with Stakeholder Participation II:Background on Amchitka, 2005. - 18 s.
http://www.cresp.org/Amchitka/Amchitka_Final_Report/index_FinalReport.html
Hydrogeologic assessment of the Amchitka Island nuclear test site Alaska with magnetotellurics / Martyn Unsworth, Wolfgang Soyer, Volkan Tuncer, Anna Wagner, og David Barnes. Geophysics,vol. 72, no. 3 May-June 2007; p. b47–b57
Formerly used Defense Sites in the Norton Sound Region: Location, History of Use, Contaminants Present, And Status of Clean-Up Efforts. Prepared for Alaska Community Action on Toxics / Mimi Hogan, Sandra Christopherson and Ann Rothe. 2006. - 47 s.
Miller, Pam: Nuclear Flashback: Report of a Greenpeace Scientific Expedition to Amchitka Island, Alaska – Site of the Largest Underground Nuclear Test in U.S. History. Greenpeace, 1996 - 33 s.
Nevada Environmental Restoration Project: Subsurface Completion Report for Amchitka Underground Nuclear Test Sites: Long Shot, Milrow, and Cannikin, 2006. - 63 s.
United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through September 1992.
U.S. Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office, DOE/NV--209-REV 15, December 2000.

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